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Erotica (Madonna album)

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"Erotica (album)" redirects here. For other albums of the same name, see Erotica (disambiguation) § Albums.

Erotica
Madonna's face with eyes closed and her mouth open. On her left cheek, the words "Erotica" and "Madonna" are written in black color.
Studio album by
Madonna
ReleasedOctober 20, 1992
StudioSoundworks Studio, Mastermix (Astoria, New York)
Genre
Length75:24
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
The Immaculate Collection
(1990) 		Erotica
(1992) 		Bedtime Stories
(1994)
Singles from Erotica
  1. "Erotica"
    Released: September 29, 1992
  2. "Deeper and Deeper"
    Released: December 8, 1992
  3. "Bad Girl"
    Released: February 22, 1993
  4. "Fever"
    Released: March 22, 1993
  5. "Rain"
    Released: August 5, 1993
  6. "Bye Bye Baby"
    Released: November 5, 1993

Erotica is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Madonna, released on October 20, 1992 by Maverick and Sire Records. The album was released simultaneously with Madonna's first book publication Sex, a coffee table book containing explicit photographs featuring the singer, and marked her first release under Maverick, her own multimedia entertainment company. Erotica is a concept album about sex and romance, incorporating her alter ego Mistress Dita, inspired by actress Dita Parlo. Some of its songs also take on a more confessional tone, influenced by the loss of two of Madonna's close friends to AIDS.

Madonna recorded the album in New York City with Shep Pettibone and André Betts while she was working on her book and film projects. She began creating the album's demos with Pettibone in his apartment in October 1991, and wrote the melodies and lyrics on top of the basic music which Pettibone produced in the style of his remixes. During the sessions, they had problems during sequencing, and, as a result, Pettibone kept trying to move development as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music. According to him, Madonna's compositions were serious and intense, directing the creative direction of the songs into a deeply personal territory.

Erotica received generally favorable reviews from critics, who regarded it as one of Madonna's most adventurous albums and praised her comments on taboos and AIDS. Commercially, the album was less successful than Madonna's previous albums, peaking at number 2 on the US Billboard 200, becoming her first studio album not to top the chart since her debut. Internationally, it topped the charts in Australia, Finland, and France, and peaked within the top five of several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Erotica was later certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold more than six million copies worldwide.

Six singles were released from the album, including the title track and "Deeper and Deeper", both of which reached the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100. The album was supported by The Girlie Show World Tour, which visited cities in Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia, and Australia in 1993. Overlooked at the time of its release in part due to the backlash surrounding the Sex book, Erotica has been retrospectively considered as one of "The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s" by Slant Magazine and one of the most revolutionary albums of all time by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Many critics noted the influence of the album on the works of other female artists from Janet Jackson to Beyoncé.

Background[editar | editar código]

Ten years after signing her first recording contract with Sire Records, Madonna founded her own multi-media entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony. Madonna said that she envisioned the company as an "artistic think tank" and likened it to a cross between the Bauhaus, the innovative German arts institute formed in Weimar in 1919, and Andy Warhol's New York-based Factory of artists and assistants. She stated: "It started as a desire to have more control. There's a group of writers, photographers, directors and editors that I've met along the way in my career who I want to take with me everywhere I go. I want to incorporate them into my little factory of ideas. I also come in contact with a lot of young talent that I feel entrepreneurial about." The first two projects from the venture were her fifth studio album, Erotica, and a coffee table book of photographs featuring Madonna, entitled Sex.[1]

Madonna primarily collaborated with Shep Pettibone for the album. Pettibone first began working with Madonna during the 1980s, providing remixes for several of her singles.[2] He later co-wrote and co-produced the lead single from the soundtrack album I'm Breathless, "Vogue", which topped the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990.[3][4] The same year, Pettibone worked with Madonna on her greatest hits album The Immaculate Collection, co-producing new song "Rescue Me" and remixing her earlier songs for the compilation using audio technology QSound. During the recording session of Erotica, Madonna and Pettibone worked on "This Used to Be My Playground", the soundtrack single of the 1992 film A League of Their Own.[5] It became Madonna's tenth Hot 100 chart-topper, making her the female artist with the most US number-one singles at the time.[6] Alongside Pettibone, Madonna enlisted help from producer André Betts, who previously co-produced "Justify My Love" for The Immaculate Collection.[2] Madonna said that she was interested to work with Pettibone and Betts due to their ability to remain plugged into the dance underground, "They come from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of their music style and approach to music, but they're both connected to the street and they're still young and hungry."[7]

Development[editar | editar código]

"I remember when Madonna and I first started working together on Erotica. We were listening in my home studio to one of the first songs and I turned to her and said 'It's great, but it's no 'Vogue'. She told me that not every song could be 'Vogue' – not every cut could emerge as the top-selling record of all time. She was right, but I pressed my case anyway: "I guess I'm always trying to out-top myself, the next thing should be bigger than the last." Madonna just turned and looked me straight in the eye. She said, "Shep, no matter how fierce something is, you can't ever do the same thing twice."

—Producer Shep Pettibone in an article published by Icon magazine.[5]

Having started his career as a remixer, Pettibone built the basic music of the Erotica songs in the style of his remixes for which Madonna wrote the melodies and lyrics.[8] According to Pettibone in an article "Erotica Diaries" published on Madonna's Icon magazine, he began with a tape of three tracks for Madonna to listen to, before he traveled to Chicago, where she was filming A League of Their Own. She listened to the songs and liked all of them.[5] After filming was complete, Madonna met Pettibone in New York City to start working on demos in his apartment in October 1991.[5] Their schedule was sporadic in the beginning. Madonna and Pettibone were in the studio for a week and then she would work with Steven Meisel on Sex, for two weeks. Occasionally, Madonna also would meet André Betts.[5] At first, Madonna did not like the first group of songs she had recorded. She wanted Erotica to have a raw edge to it, as if it were recorded in an alley in Harlem, and not a light glossy production to permeate her sound, according to Pettibone.[5] "Deeper and Deeper" was not working for Madonna. Pettibone said they tried different bridges and changes, but in the end, Madonna wanted the middle of the song to have a flamenco guitar.[5]

They had problems during sequencing and had to repair the songs, taking some time. Pettibone had to keep things moving as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music.[5] At this point, as far as the music went, it was getting a little melancholy. However, as Pettibone explained, Madonna's stories directed the creative direction of the songs into deeply personal territory as they were more serious and intense.[5] Madonna left the album's production to work on her next film Body of Evidence in Oregon.[5] Shortly after, Pettibone started on a song called "Goodbye to Innocence", which was not working. He further commented that he made a new bass line for the track. When Madonna went to record her vocals for "Goodbye to Innocence", she started singing Little Willie John's song "Fever" instead of singing the original words. They decided to record it, as they felt it sounded good. As they did not know the words, Madonna called Seymour Stein from Sire Records, and within an hour, they had the Peggy Lee version, and the original version of the song.[5] This song was the last to be recorded for the album, in August 1992, and it was finished within a month later.[5]

Music and lyrics[editar | editar código]

Erotica is a concept album about sex and romance, on which she incorporated an alter-ego named Mistress Dita, heavily inspired by actress Dita Parlo.[9][2][10] Musically, it is a dance, electronica, hip hop, deep house and R&B record which incorporates elements from classic disco, modern house, techno and new jack swing.[2][9][11][12] Lyrically, the album played on innuendos and double entendres instead of explicit words.[13] "Erotica" is the opening track from the album. Starting with Madonna saying "My name is Dita", she invites her lover to be passive, while she tells him to "do as I say" and leads him to explore boundaries between pain and pleasure.[10][14] It deals with sex hang-ups, and has been described as "an ode to S&M".[2][15] Her cover version of "Fever" follows the title track. It is described as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the pop standard.[16] The third track, "Bye Bye Baby," starts with the declaration, "This is not a love song," and goes on to ask questions of a lover she is about to abandon. At one point, Madonna asks angrily: "Does it make you feel good to see me cry?"[14] The fourth track from Erotica, "Deeper and Deeper," is described as one of the "pure disco" moments of the album.[10] Its bridge features a flamenco guitar,[2] and its lyrics talk about sexual obsession.[15]

In "Where Life Begins", Madonna promises to teach "a different kind of kiss" to the listener. In the song, Madonna talks about the pleasures of oral sex and also references safe sex.[2] The sixth track is "Bad Girl". It talks about a woman who would rather get drunk than end a relationship she is too neurotic to handle.[10] The seventh song, "Waiting", has been described as a "yearning ballad."[10] Featuring spoken words, it addresses rejection and unrequited love.[2] It ends with lyrics "The next time you want pussy, just look in the mirror, baby."[17] The next track, "Thief of Hearts", is a dark and rumbling song.[16] It uses tough hip-hop language to ward off a rival for her lover's attention. It opens with the smashing of a glass, and Madonna shouting, "Bitch!/Which leg do you want me to break?" and later, she sneers, "Little miss thinks she can have his child/Well anybody can do it."[14] "Words" was compared to the previous track "Thief of Hearts," with music critics finding similarity in scope, each with sharp lyrics and catchy beats. The song features clattering programs and icy synth block-chords.[18]

"Rain" is the tenth track whose lyrics talk about waiting and hoping for love. The song features a crescendo towards the end.[2] The subsequent track, "Why's It So Hard," is considered the album's plea for solidarity with her audience, as Madonna sings: "Why's it so hard to love one another?"[2][14] The following song, "In This Life," was written in memory of friends who Madonna had lost to the AIDS epidemic.[16] The drums were compared to a doomsday clock and the keyboard intervals were also compared to George Gershwin's blues lullaby "Prelude No. 2," creating a sense of dis-ease.[2] The thirteenth track, "Did You Do It?" features rappers Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy. The song was omitted in the clean edition of Erotica. Producer André Betts claimed that for fun, he just rapped over the track "Waiting," while Madonna was gone, and she liked it after hearing later.[7] The last track from the album, "Secret Garden," is described as Erotica's most personal song. In addition, "Secret Garden" is dedicated to the singer's vagina, "the secret place where she could enjoy herself."[19] It features a jazz-house beat.[2]

Release and promotion[editar | editar código]

Madonna wearing black shorts and looking to her right. Her arms are open and a headset microphone to her mouth.[20]
Madonna opening The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993 with a performance of the album's title track, "Erotica".

Erotica was released on October 20, 1992 by Maverick Records.[21] The first album of Madonna's career to bear Parental Advisory label, Erotica was banned in several Asian countries, such as China and Singapore.[22][23] To promote the album, Madonna appeared on the cover of the October edition of Vogue, where she appeared dressed in "Hippie trip" fashion. These photographs were taken by Meisel.[24] After the book was released, on October 22, 1992, MTV aired a special called The Day in Madonna, hosted by Kurt Loder (the title of this special was a pun of the title of the channel's daily show The Day in Rock), which profiled the release of Madonna's Sex and Erotica, even taking the book to the streets to allow people, including a sex therapist and group of real-life New York City dominatrices, to view it. MTV also interviewed many people who had viewed the Sex book on the day of its release at the HMV music store in New York City. In celebration of the release of the book, the store held a Madonna look-alike contest and set up a booth where people could view the book for one dollar a minute, with all of the proceeds going to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help fund AIDS research.[25]

Madonna additionally performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on Saturday Night Live in January 1993.[26] During the latter, she referenced Sinéad O'Connor's actions who had ripped up a photograph of Pope John Paul II and yelled "Fight the real enemy". The photograph Madonna used was of Joey Buttafuoco.[27] During the 1000th The Arsenio Hall Show, Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette.[28] Following this performance, Madonna sang "The Lady Is a Tramp" with Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, dressed up in matching skirts, stockings, leather vests and cat-ear caps.[28] On September 2, 1993, Madonna opened the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards performing "Bye Bye Baby" cavorting with three scantily clad women in a brothel-style setting, dressed in tuxedos and top hats, danced with women in corsets in a choreographed, highly sexual routine.[29][30][31]

Singles[editar | editar código]

"Erotica" was the lead single released from the album in late September 1992. It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100.[32] Internationally, it reached the top ten in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom.[33][34][35] Following the release of the song, Lebanese singer Fairuz claimed her vocals appear on the song without her consent, and said the lyrics "he was hung on a wooded cross today", which was sung in Arabic, is taken from a religious song that is traditionally heard during Easter services. Fairuz sues Madonna for $2.5 million for plagiarism over the Arab section/sampling in her song "Erotica". The song contains a section of a Christian Great Friday hymn that translates "Today, He is held to a cross" while Madonna repeatedly chants over Fairuz's voice 'All over me'. Upon the song’s release, the Vatican bans Madonna from entering the Vatican and she is banned on its radio stations. The song and its accompanying album are also banned in Lebanon. An undisclosed settlement is reached between Fairuz and Madonna.[36] The accompanying music video for "Erotica" also suffered mainstream condemnation due to its explicit sexual imagery. MTV put the video into heavy rotation, but only after midnight.[37] It was completely banned from broadcast on NBC and Times Square because its bondage imagery was deemed too racy.[38] "Deeper and Deeper" was released as the second single in November 1992. It achieved top-ten success in Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[33][34][35]

"Bad Girl" was released in February 1993, receiving positive reviews, with music critics naming it "riveting".[10] The song had a modest success on the charts, peaking at number ten on the UK Singles Chart while reaching number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.[35] "Fever" was released as the fourth single of the album in March 1993 in Europe and Australia. It became a top-ten hit in several European countries including Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom,[34][35][39] while topping the Dance Club Songs chart without a North American release.[40] The fifth single, "Rain", was released in August 1993.[41] It peaked at number two in Canada.[42] "Bye Bye Baby" was released as the last single from the album in November 1993. It reached the top ten in Italy and peaked within the top twenty in Australia.[33][43]

Tour[editar | editar código]

Main article: The Girlie Show World Tour

The album was further promoted on her fourth concert tour, the Girlie Show World Tour, which visited Israel and Turkey, Latin America and Australia for the first time in 1993. The tour required 1500 costumes for the cast, and a 24-hour set up time for the stage.[44] Madonna opened the show dressed as a dominatrix, surrounded by topless dancers of both sexes.[45] Lighter moments included Madonna descending from the ceiling on a giant disco ball, wearing an Afro wig for "Express Yourself", as well as the singer singing "Like a Virgin" in the guise of actress Marlene Dietrich and singing the word 'virgin' as 'wirgin'.[46] She caused uproar in Puerto Rico by rubbing their national flag between her legs on stage.[46] Orthodox Jews protested to force the cancellation of the concert in Tel Aviv, Israel. However, the rallies were unsuccessful as the show went on as scheduled.[46] The Girlie Show received positive reviews from critics,[47] and was a commercial success, grossing around US$70 million.[48]

Critical reception[editar | editar código]

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[49]
Blender[50]
Chicago Sun-Times[51]
Entertainment WeeklyC+[11]
Los Angeles Times[52]
Q[53]
Rolling Stone[10]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[54]
Slant Magazine[2]
The Village VoiceA[55]

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as "ambitious" and noted that Erotica contains some of Madonna's best and most accomplished music.[49] Paul Verna from Billboard considered it her most varied and creatively challenging collection to date, as well as "bottomless with potential hit singles".[56] Arion Berger of Rolling Stone praised the album's "cold, remote sound", and wrote that "Erotica is everything Madonna has been denounced for being — meticulous, calculated, domineering and artificial. It accepts those charges and answers with a brilliant record to prove them".[10] NME said: "When Erotica the album is good – i.e. when it's funny, original, lively and, yes, sexy – it's about as good as the modern media event gets."[57] J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun stated that the most surprising thing on the songs is that they find Madonna singing about love, not about sex.[16] Phil Sutcliffe gave three stars in a review for Q, writing: "The biggest surprise is 'Deeper and Deeper', which could be mistaken for a bopalong tribute to Kylie. However, the substance of Erotica resides in a range of straight-talking, almost intimate songs based, not on an idea about sex, but on experience of relationships."[53] In a retrospective review in Blender, Tony Power concluded: "That female artists (except Millie Jackson) never come on this strongly makes Erotica shocking and, well, arousing."[50] The Independent's Giles Smith noted that Erotica revealed that "unlike Jackson and Prince and Springsteen and the rest of her established, major league competition, Madonna's albums are still getting better each time".[58]

Charles Aaron from Spin noted that the album is a brave comment on the chilly, tragic detachment of sex under AIDS.[59] Stylus Magazine commented that each song has its own energy. He also noted that "Erotica was too sophisticated for a mainstream besotted with The Bodyguard and a college-radio claque eager to praise R.E.M.'s opaque dirges for the wisdom that Madonna's club fodder showed with less fuss and with a better rhythm section".[18] Robert Christgau commented that "The singer doesn't have great pipes, but because she's too hip to belt [this time], she doesn't need them. She's in control, all understated presence and impersonal personality except when she's flashing some pink. [...] "Love your sister, love your brother" thing, the lyrics are not stupid. I love the rap where the boast turns out to be a lie."[55] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine recognized that "Pettibone's beats might be time-stamped with the sound of a genre that ruled a decade of one-hitters before being replaced by commercialized hip-hop" and classified Madonna's voice as "nasal and remote".[2] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly declared that Erotica may be the most joyless dance music of all time, while criticizing Madonna's "soulless" voice.[11] Stephen Holden from The New York Times wrote that the album is far from Madonna's best album, as the hip-hop songs lack the "musical breadth and confessional poignancy" of Like a Prayer, the record that established Madonna as a mature pop songwriter.[14]

Commercial performance[editar | editar código]

Madonna onstage wearing a black suit. She's flanked by two male dancers dressed in a similar style. The backdrop behind them shows orange and green flashes.
Madonna performing the album's second single, "Deeper and Deeper", during the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–16).

In the United States, Erotica debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 on November 11, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies.[60] It was held off from reaching the top spot by Garth Brooks's fourth studio album, The Chase, which that same week sold 4,000 copies more than Erotica.[61] The next week, the album dropped to number four on the chart.[32] It was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of two million units.[62] According to Nielsen SoundScan, Erotica has sold 1.91 million copies in the United States as of December 2016, along with 79,000 sold through BMG Music Clubs.[63][64] In Canada, the album debuted at number seven on the RPM Albums Chart on November 7, 1992.[65] It reached a peak of number four on November 21, 1992.[66] The album was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 200,000 copies.[67]

In Australia, the album entered the ARIA top 100 albums chart at number one, and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies.[68] It also reached the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart.[69] Erotica reached a peak of number five on the Japan Oricon Albums Chart, and received a double platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipping 400,000 copies.[70][71] At the 7th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna was awarded the RIAJ's Artist of the Year with sales totaling ¥844 million throughout the year, an equivalent of $6.5 million ($13,17 million in 2022 dollars)[72][73].

Across Europe, Erotica sold 1.5 million copies in the first-week.[74] In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart on October 24, 1992. It remained at its peak at number two for three weeks, being held off the top spot by Simple Minds' greatest hits collection Glittering Prize 81/92,[35] and a total of 38 weeks on the chart.[75] The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies.[76] In France, the album debuted at number one on the French Albums Chart on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart, selling a total of 250,000 copies.[77] In Germany, the album reached the top five on the Media Control Charts and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies.[78][79] Initial shipments in Italy were 250,000 copies.[80] In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart.[81] Similarly in Switzerland, Erotica peaked number five and was certified gold by IFPI Switzerland.[82] It also received a platinum certification in Spain and gold in Brazil.[83][84] In total, Erotica has sold more than six million copies worldwide.[85]

Legacy[editar | editar código]

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame considered Erotica as one of the most revolutionary albums of all time, declaring that "...few women artists, before or since Erotica, have been so outspoken about their fantasies and desires. Madonna made it clear that shame and sexuality are mutually exclusive... In the end, Erotica embraced and espoused pleasure, and kept Madonna at the forefront of pop's sexual revolution."[86] Slant Magazine listed Erotica at number 24 on "The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s", calling it a "dark masterpiece".[87] Miles Raymer of Entertainment Weekly said that "in retrospect it's her strongest album — produced at the peak of her power and provocativeness... and helped elevate her from mere pop star to an era-defining icon."[88] Bianca Gracie from Fuse TV channel called Erotica "the album that changed the pop music world forever... one of the most controversial and genre-defining albums in pop history."[89]

"By 1992, Madonna was an icon—untouchable, literally and figuratively—and Erotica was the first time the artist's music took on a decidedly combative, even threatening tone, and most people didn't want to hear it. Erotica's irrefutable unsexiness probably says more about the sex=death mentality of the early '90s than any other musical document of its time. This is not Madonna at her creative zenith. This is Madonna at her most important, at her most relevant. No one else in the mainstream at that time dared to talk about sex, love, and death with such frankness and fearlessness."

—Slant Magazine's critic Sal Cinquemani on the album's impact.[2]

J. Randy Taraborrelli documented at the time of Erotica's release, "much of society seemed to reexamining its sexuality. Gay rights issues were at the forefront of social discussions globally, as was an ever-increasing awareness of AIDS."[90] Barry Walters from Rolling Stone noted that the album's greatest contribution is "[its] embrace of the other, which in this case means queerness, blackness, third-wave feminism, exhibitionism and kink. Madonna took what was marginalized at the worst of the AIDS epidemic, placed it in an emancipated context, and shoved it into the mainstream for all to see and hear."[85] Brian McNair, the author of Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratization of Desire, stated that upon the album's release "academic books began to appear about the 'Madonna phenomenon', while pro- and anti-porn feminists made of her a symbol of all that was good or bad (depending on their viewpoint) about contemporary sexual culture."[91] Daryl Deino from The Inquisitr dubbed the album as "a groundbreaking moment for feminism."[92]

Erotica remains the most rampantly misrepresented Madonna album with the biggest backlash of her career.[87] Taraborrelli commented that it is unfortunate that Erotica has to be historically linked to other less memorable ventures in Madonna's career at this time. However, he quipped that the album should be considered on its own merits, not only as one linked to the other two adult-oriented projects, because it has true value.[93] When asked to name her biggest professional disappointment, Madonna answered, "The fact that my Erotica album was overlooked because of the whole thing with the Sex book. It just got lost in all that. I think there's some brilliant songs on it and people didn't give it a chance."[93] Brian McNair observed that Madonna took a financial risk with the album and it was not until Ray of Light (1998) that her record sales recovered to pre-Erotica levels. He further asserted that "what she lost in royalty payments, however, Madonna more than made up for in iconic status and cultural influence."[91]

Walters asserted that Erotica "set the blueprint for modern pop... Without Madonna, modern pop as we know it would be unimaginable." He noticed the album's influence on various artists such as Beyoncé, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Pink, Lady Gaga, and Nicki Minaj.[85] Joe Lynch from Billboard wrote that the album "occupies a watershed place in the pop pantheon, setting the blueprint for singers to get raw while eschewing exploitation for decades to come."[94] Similar thoughts were echoed by Jeni Wren Stottrup from The Portland Mercury, who believed that "Erotica should be recognized as one of Madonna's greatest albums".[95] Critics also found its influence on Janet Jackson's 1997 album The Velvet Rope,[96] with Daryl Easlea from BBC writing that Jackson's album "resembles Erotica at times, in subject manner and style."[97]

Track listing[editar | editar código]

Erotica – Standard edition
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Erotica"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:20
2."Fever"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:00
3."Bye Bye Baby"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
3:55
4."Deeper and Deeper"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:33
5."Where Life Begins"
  • Madonna
  • Andre Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:57
6."Bad Girl"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:23
7."Waiting"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:46
8."Thief of Hearts"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
4:51
9."Words"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:55
10."Rain"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:25
11."Why's It So Hard"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:23
12."In This Life"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
6:25
13."Secret Garden"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:32
Total length:70:30
Erotica – Explicit version
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
13."Did You Do It?" (featuring Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy)
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Pettibone
  • Madonna
  • Betts
4:54
14."Secret Garden"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:32
Total length:75:24

Notes[98]

  • Anthony Shimkin has been officially added by ASCAP as a co-writer to "Erotica", "Bye Bye Baby", "Bad Girl", "Thief of Hearts", "Words", and "Why's It So Hard". Inlay notes to the album do not include this. Shimkin was only allowed to add his credit to one composition on the album; he originally chose "Deeper and Deeper".[99]
  • "Fever" contains lyrics written and rearranged by singer Peggy Lee who remains uncredited for her contribution.[100]

Formats[editar | editar código]

  • CD – 13 track version[101]
  • CD – Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?" This version comes with a Parental Advisory label.[102]
  • CD Collector's Edition – Australian collector's digipak edition released in 1993 to celebrate The Girlie Show World Tour in that country. Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?"[102]
  • Vinyl – 13 track version[98]
  • Vinyl – Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?" This version also comes with a Parental Advisory label. The vinyl was reissued in 2012 by Warner Bros. Records with a different catalog number.[103]
  • Cassette – 13 track version[104]
  • Digital Compact Cassette – European explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?". This version comes with a Parental Advisory label.[102]

Personnel[editar | editar código]

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[98]

Charts[editar | editar código]

Certifications and sales[editar | editar código]

Region Certification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[126] 4× Platinum 240 000^
Australia (ARIA)[68] 3× Platinum 210 000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[127] Gold 25 000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[84] Gold 180,000[128]
Canada (Music Canada)[67] 2× Platinum 200 000^
France — 321,500[129]
Germany (BVMI)[79] Gold 250 000^
Italy — 250,000[lower-alpha 1][80]
Japan (RIAJ)[71] 2× Platinum 400 000^
Mexico — 250,000[130]
Netherlands (NVPI)[131] Gold 50 000^
Singapore — 20,000[lower-alpha 1][23]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[83][74] Platinum 100 000^
South Africa (RiSA)[132] Gold 25,000 
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[82] Gold 25 000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[76] 2× Platinum 600 000^
United States (RIAA)[62] 2× Platinum 1,989,000[63][64]
Summaries
Worldwide — 6,000,000[85]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

See also[editar | editar código]

Notes[editar | editar código]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Figures based only in shipments report.

References[editar | editar código]

  1. ↑ Holden, Stephen (20 de April de 1992). «Madonna Makes a $60 Million Deal». The New York Times. Consultado el 27 de May de 2008. 
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 Cinquemani, Sal (24 de February de 2007). «Madonna: Erotica». Slant Magazine. Consultado el 4 de July de 2011. 
  3. ↑ I'm Breathless (Liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1990. 75992-62092.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  4. ↑ «Hot 100 Songs & New Music: May 19, 1990». Billboard. Consultado el 21 de December de 2012. 
  5. ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 Pettibone, Shep. «Erotica Diaries — Written by Shep Pettibone». ShepPettibone.com. Archivado desde el original el 18 de May de 2012. Consultado el 4 de July de 2011.  Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  6. ↑ Trust, Gary (3 de August de 2015). «This Week in Billboard Chart History: In 1992, Madonna Sported the No. 1 'This Used to Be My Playground». Billboard. Consultado el 18 de September de 2015. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Flick, Larry (noviembre 28, 1992). "The Man Behind Madonna's 'Erotica'". Billboard. New York. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved mayo 14, 2012.
  8. ↑ Burgess 2013, p. 42
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Anderson, Kyle (20 de October de 2010). «Madonna Gets Kinky With Erotica: Wake-Up Video». MTV News. Archivado desde el original el 11 de July de 2012. Consultado el 27 de February de 2014.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda)
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 10,7 Berger, Arion (26 de November de 1992). «Erotica». Rolling Stone. Consultado el 4 de July de 2011. 
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Browne, David (octubre 23, 1992). "Erotica". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved julio 4, 2011.
  12. ↑ Levine, Nick (13 de June de 2019). «The Guide to Getting Into Madonna, Holy Mother of Modern Pop». VICE. Consultado el 6 de August de 2020. 
  13. ↑ Smith, Giles (14 de October de 1992). «REVIEW / Stripped down to basics: Giles Smith takes a peek at Erotica, Madonna's new album - Plus the rest of the week's new albums». The Independent. Consultado el 4 de November de 2017. 
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 Holden, Stephen (18 de October de 1992). «Recordings View; Selling Sex and (Oh, Yes) a Record». The New York Times. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Lenig 2010, p. 144
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Considine, J.D. (18 de October de 1992). «Madonna's 'Erotica' delivers more than just sexuality». The Baltimore Sun. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  17. ↑ Sears, Stephen (19 de October de 2012). «Madonna's Erotica Turns 20: Backtracking». Idolator. Consultado el 14 de May de 2016. 
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Soto, Alfred (17 de January de 2006). «Madonna — Erotica». Stylus. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  19. ↑ «Los diferentes rostros de Madonna». El Universal. 16 de April de 2013. Consultado el 16 de April de 2013. 
  20. ↑ «Na órbita dos astros». Veja (en português). 6 de October de 1993. Archivado desde el original el 1 de January de 2010. Consultado el 20 de December de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda)
  21. ↑ Wilker, Deborah (5 de November de 1992). «Madonna She's Got Sex For Our Eyes And Erotica For Our Ears.». Sun-Sentinel. pp. 1-2. Archivado desde el original el 22 de February de 2014. Consultado el 12 de December de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  22. ↑ Schwankert, Steven (abril 5, 2003). "Bond, Stones, Fall Foul Of Chinese Censors". Billboard. New York. 107 (46): 47. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved diciembre 21, 2012.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Leo, Christie (noviembre 14, 1992). "Madonna, Sinead Sets Not Up To Snuff In Singapore" (PDF). Billboard: 45. Retrieved enero 30, 2021.
  24. ↑ «Madonna Reinvented for the very last time». Vogue. 14 de February de 2011. Archivado desde el original el 29 de January de 2013. Consultado el 28 de May de 2014.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  25. ↑ Anderson, Reckhenrich & Kupp 2011, p. 109
  26. ↑ Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 525
  27. ↑ «Another 'Bad Girl' Rips Up a Photograph on 'SNL'». Deseret News. 18 de January de 1993. Consultado el 23 de December de 2012. 
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Willman, Chris (15 de May de 1993). «Pop Music Review: Madonna Bowls Over Arsenio's Show : Looking like a cross between Barbara Stanwyck and Bette Davis, she steams up the comic's Hollywood Bowl taping with 'Fever' and 'The Lady Is a Tramp.'». Los Angeles Times. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  29. ↑ «Grunge Rock Wins Honors From MTV». The New York Times. 4 de September de 1993. Consultado el 28 de August de 2012. 
  30. ↑ Morton 2002, p. 334
  31. ↑ «MTV Video Music Awards - 1993». MTV. 2 de September de 1993. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Grein, Pau (octubre 17, 1992). "Bolton Bounds; Heights Reach Pinnacle". Billboard. New York. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved julio 13, 2012.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 "Australiancharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 «Search by Song Title». Irish Recorded Music Association. Consultado el 29 de August de 2012. 
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 35,5 "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  36. ↑ Grein, Pau (marzo 6, 1993). "Madonna, MJ Club-Conscious: Chicago Vibe-rates". Billboard. New York. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved julio 13, 2012.
  37. ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 227
  38. ↑ «Madonna video too hot for NBC». Tampa Bay Times. 4 de October de 1992. Consultado el 19 de March de 2011. 
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 Pennanen 2006, p. 118
  40. ↑ «Madonna – Billboard Legacy». Billboard. Consultado el 22 de December de 2012. 
  41. ↑ «Madonna.com > Discography > Rain». Madonna.com. Archivado desde el original el 14 de September de 2013. Consultado el 8 de June de 2015. 
  42. ↑ «Top RPM Singles: Issue 2242». RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archivado desde el original el 9 de October de 2012. Consultado el 22 de December de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  43. ↑ «Madonna: Discografia Italiana». Hit Parade. Consultado el 31 de May de 2010. 
  44. ↑ Gaia, Isabela (3 de August de 2008). «Turnê "The Girlie Show" trouxe Madonna para o Brasil». Editora Abril (en português). Archivado desde el original el 17 de March de 2013. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda)
  45. ↑ Booth, Samantha (26 de April de 2007). «25 Years of Madonna». Daily Record. Consultado el 10 de June de 2008. 
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 46,2 Smith, Neil (24 de May de 2004). «Show-stealer Madonna on tour». BBC). Consultado el 6 de July de 2012. 
  47. ↑ Corliss, Richard (21 de July de 2008). «Madonna Goes to Camp». Time. Consultado el 23 de December de 2012. 
  48. ↑ Lenig 2010, p. 145
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. «Erotica – Madonna». AllMusic. Consultado el 18 de October de 2009. 
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Power, Tony (diciembre 2003). "Madonna: Erotica". Blender (22). Archived from the original on agosto 18, 2004. Retrieved marzo 10, 2017.
  51. ↑ DeRogatis, Jim (21 de October de 1992). «Direct Marketing // Madonna Hopes 'Sex' Will Sell». Chicago Sun-Times. Archivado desde el original el 12 de March de 2017. Consultado el 10 de March de 2017.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  52. ↑ Willman, Chris (18 de October de 1992). «Madonna Struts Her New Pose». Los Angeles Times. Consultado el 21 de July de 2020. 
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 Sutcliffe, Phil (diciembre 1992). "Madonna: Erotica". Q (75): 121.
  54. ↑ Walters, Barry (2004). «Madonna». En Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th edición). Simon & Schuster. pp. 508–09. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. 
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 Christgau, Robert (26 de January de 1993). «Consumer Guide». The Village Voice. Archivado desde el original el 5 de November de 2011. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  56. ↑ Verna, Paul (octubre 24, 1992). "Album Reviews – Spotlight: Madonna, Erotica". Billboard. 104 (43): 62. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved diciembre 20, 2012.
  57. ↑ Fatariel, Stephen (diciembre 1992). "Madonna: Erotica". NME. 90.
  58. ↑ Smith, Giles (15 de October de 1992). «REVIEW / Stripped down to basics: Giles Smith takes a peek at Erotica, Madonna's new album - Plus the rest of the week's new albums». The Independent. Consultado el 3 de August de 2020. 
  59. ↑ Aaron, Charles (octubre 1993). "Madonna, "Rain" (Maverick/Sire/Warner Bros.)". Spin. New York. 9 (7). ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved junio 17, 2010.
  60. ↑ Mayfield, Geoff (noviembre 24, 1994). "Between The Bullets". Billboard. New York. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved julio 20, 2012.
  61. ↑ Philips, Chuck (29 de October de 1992). «Despite Massive Multimedia Blitz, 'Erotica' Chasing 'The Chase'». Los Angeles Times. Consultado el 21 de July de 2012. 
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 «American album certifications – Madonna – Erotica». Recording Industry Association of America. Consultado el 12 de December de 2016. 
  63. ↑ 63,0 63,1 Trust, Gary (12 de December de 2016). «Ask Billboard: Madonna's Career Album Sales». Billboard. Consultado el 12 de December de 2016. 
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 David, Barry (8 de February de 2003). «Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet Top All Time Sellers». Music Industry News Network. Archivado desde el original el 25 de September de 2015. Consultado el 12 de December de 2016.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |df= ignorado (ayuda)
  65. ↑ «Top RPM Albums: Issue 1891». RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archivado desde el original el 21 de June de 2013. Consultado el 6 de July de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 "Top RPM Albums: Issue 1862". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  67. ↑ 67,0 67,1 «Canadian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica». Music Canada. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 «ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums». Australian Recording Industry Association. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 "Charts.nz – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 (en 日本語). Oricon. 25 de October de 1992 https://web.archive.org/web/20120804232832/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/305592/2/. Archivado desde el original el 4 de August de 2012. Consultado el 10 de July de 2010.  Parámetro desconocido |script-title= ignorado (ayuda); Falta el |título= (ayuda)
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 «Japanese album certifications – Madonna – Erotica» (en japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014.  Select 1994年11月 on the drop-down menu
  72. ↑ McClure, Steve (marzo 13, 1993). "'Bodyguard,' Madonna Score in Japan". Billboard. New York: 56. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved julio 13, 2012.
  73. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda. American Antiquarian Society.  1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States. American Antiquarian Society.  1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. «Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–». Consultado el 28 de May de 2023. 
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 Samaniego, Fernando (20 de October de 1992). «El libro de Madonna tuvo un discreto estreno en la noche de Madrid». El País. Spain. Archivado desde el original el 6 de February de 2021. Consultado el 6 de February de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  75. ↑ «Madonna». Official Charts Company. 
  76. ↑ 76,0 76,1 «British album certifications – Madonna – Erotica». British Phonographic Industry. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  77. ↑ «Tous les Albums de l'Artiste choisi – search with artist name». Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Consultado el 26 de December de 2016. 
  78. ↑ 78,0 78,1 "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – Erotica" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  79. ↑ 79,0 79,1 «Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Madonna; 'Erotica')» (en german). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 ""Madonna ora ti odio" traditi i fans britannici". Corriere della Sera (in italiano): 95. octubre 15, 1992. Retrieved enero 16, 2021. In Italia la Wea ha già stampato 250 mila copie.
  81. ↑ 81,0 81,1 "Swedishcharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  82. ↑ 82,0 82,1 «The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Madonna; 'Erotica')». IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 Salaverri 2005, p. 92
  84. ↑ 84,0 84,1 «Brazilian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica» (en portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  85. ↑ 85,0 85,1 85,2 85,3 Walters, Barry (19 de October de 2017). «Madonna's 'Erotica,' 'Sex': Why Musical Masterpiece, Defiant Book Still Matter». Rolling Stone. Consultado el 22 de October de 2017. 
  86. ↑ «Revolutions: Madonna's "Erotica"». Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 29 de August de 2017. Consultado el 22 de October de 2017. 
  87. ↑ 87,0 87,1 «Best Albums of the '90s». Slant Magazine. Consultado el 19 de September de 2011. 
  88. ↑ Raymer, Miles (28 de July de 2014). «Two purported 'Erotica'-era Madonna demos make their way online». Entertainment Weekly. Consultado el 29 de August de 2014. 
  89. ↑ Gracie, Bianca (19 de October de 2017). «'Besterday' Podcast: Madonna's 'Erotica' Turns 25, Celebrating The Album's Bold Sex Appeal». Fuse. Archivado desde el original el 19 de November de 2017. Consultado el 4 de November de 2017. 
  90. ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 226
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 McNair 2002, pp. 68–69
  92. ↑ Deino, Daryl (30 de August de 2017). «Madonna's 'Career-Ending' Album 'Erotica' Gets Rock Hall Of Fame Recognition». The Inquisitr. Consultado el 7 de November de 2017. 
  93. ↑ 93,0 93,1 Taraborrelli 2002, p. 225
  94. ↑ Lynch, Joe (17 de October de 2017). «Madonna's 'Erotica' Turns 25: An Oral History of the Most Controversial '90s Pop Album». Billboard. Consultado el 14 de December de 2017. 
  95. ↑ Stottrup, Jeni Wren (14 de October de 2015). «Madonna's Misunderstood Erotica». The Portland Mercury. Consultado el 22 de October de 2017. 
  96. ↑ Bernstein, Jonathan (20 de October de 1997). «Janet Jackson Gets Nasty On The Velvet Rope». Observer. Consultado el 22 de October de 2017. 
  97. ↑ Easlea, Daryl (2010). «Janet Jackson The Velvet Rope Review». BBC. Consultado el 22 de October de 2017. 
  98. ↑ 98,0 98,1 98,2 Erotica (Liner notes). Madonna. Maverick Records. 1992. 9362-45154-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  99. ↑ Madonna ASCAP IPI# 211854787|Anthony Marc Shimkin ASCAP IPI# 334004118
  100. ↑ Richmond, Peter (2007). Fever: The Life and Music of Miss Peggy Lee. Macmillan. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-466-81880-4. Consultado el 15 de September de 2013. 
  101. ↑ Erotica (Liner notes). Madonna. Maverick Records. 1992. W2 45154.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  102. ↑ 102,0 102,1 102,2 Erotica (Liner notes). Madonna. Maverick Records. 1992. 9362-45031-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  103. ↑ Erotica (Vinyl Reissue) (Liner notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 2012. 8122-79735-6.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  104. ↑ Erotica (Liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1992. 45154-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  105. ↑ "Discos más populares en Latinoamerica". El Siglo de Torreón. noviembre 28, 1992. Retrieved marzo 5, 2021.
  106. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Madonna – Erotica" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  107. ↑ «Top 10 Sales in Europe». Music & Media: 18. 5 de December de 1992. Consultado el 26 de March de 2018. 
  108. ↑ 108,0 108,1 108,2 108,3 «Top 10 Sales in Europe». Music & Media: 22. 14 de November de 1992. Consultado el 26 de March de 2018. 
  109. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – Erotica" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  110. ↑ "European Top 100 Albums". Music & Media. Amsterdam. 9 (47): 20. noviembre 14, 1992. OCLC 29800226.
  111. ↑ «Top 10 Sales in Europe». Music & Media: 22. 12 de December de 1992. Consultado el 26 de March de 2018. 
  112. ↑ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1992. 47. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  113. ↑ «Top 10 Sales in Europe». Music & Media: 46. 7 de November de 1992. Consultado el 26 de March de 2018. 
  114. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  115. ↑ «Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications». Archivado desde el original el 31 de May de 2014. Consultado el 11 de April de 2019.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  116. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  117. ↑ «Top 10 Albums». Music Week. 24 de October de 1992. p. 22. Consultado el 18 de February de 2021. 
  118. ↑ "Madonna Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  119. ↑ «ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums 1992». Australian Recording Industry Association. Consultado el 13 de May de 2012. 
  120. ↑ «1992 Year-End Sales Charts». Music & Media 9 (51/52): 17. 19 de December de 1992. OCLC 29800226. Consultado el 5 de May de 2020 – via American Radio History. 
  121. ↑ «ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums for 1993». ARIA Charts. Consultado el 28 de March de 2021. 
  122. ↑ «RPM Top 100 Albums of 1993». RPM. 12 de December de 1994. Consultado el 13 de May de 2012. 
  123. ↑ «Billboard 200 Year end 1993». Billboard. Consultado el 31 de January de 2016. 
  124. ↑ «The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1993». Cashbox. 31 de December de 1991. Archivado desde el original el 10 de October de 2012. Consultado el 10 de April de 2021. 
  125. ↑ «Best of all time Albums since 1988». Australian-Charts. Hung Medien. p. 7. Consultado el 10 de April de 2021. 
  126. ↑ «Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica». Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archivado desde el original el 14 de February de 2008. 
  127. ↑ «Austrian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica» (en german). IFPI Austria. Consultado el 25 de January de 2014. 
  128. ↑ Garcia, Sérgio (octubre 31, 1993). "No banco com Madonna". Jornal do Brasil (in português). Retrieved abril 3, 2020.
  129. ↑ Claimed sales for Erotica in France:
    250,000 units (By May 1993 according to Billboard) 321,500 units (as of 2018 according to Infodisc)
  130. ↑ "The Gringos Are Coming!". Billboard. 106 (48): 73. noviembre 26, 1994. Retrieved enero 25, 2014.
  131. ↑ «Dutch album certifications – Madonna – Erotica» (en dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Consultado el 31 de July de 2018.  Enter Erotica in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2001 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle statussen"
  132. ↑ «Mi2N: Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications». Music Industry News Network. 2 de May de 2002. Archivado desde el original el 31 de May de 2014. Consultado el 9 de August de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)

Bibliography[editar | editar código]

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