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This article is about Sony's music branch based in the United States. For Sony's music branch in Japan, see Sony Music Entertainment Japan.

Sony Music Entertainment
FormerlyAmerican Record Corporation (1929–1938)
Columbia Records, USA (1938–1957)
Epic Records (1948–1991)
Discos CBS-CBS Records (1957–1991)
Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (first incarnation; 1991–2004)
Sony BMG Music Entertainment (2004–2008)
TypeSubsidiary (incorporated as a general partnership)
IndustryMusic, Entertainment
GenreVarious
PredecessorVictor Talking Machine (1906–1924)
RCA Victor (1924–1985)
Ariola Records (1937–1985)
RCA Ariola (1985–1988)
BMG Ariola (1988–1994)
BMG Music (1994–2004)
FoundedSeptember 9, 1929; 95 years ago (1929-09-09)
Headquarters25 Madison Avenue,
New York City
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Rob Stringer
(CEO)
ProductsMusic and entertainment
RevenueIncrease US$8.86 billion [1] (FY 2020)
Increase US$1.74 billion [1] (FY 2020)
OwnerSony Group Corporation
(1988–present)
Number of employees
8,500 (2019 [2])
ParentSony Entertainment
(2012–present)[3]
DivisionsSee List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
Websitewww.sonymusic.com

Sony Music Entertainment (SME), also known as just Sony Music, is an American multinational music company. Owned by the parent conglomerate Sony Group Corporation, it is part of the Sony Music Group,[4] which is owned by Sony Entertainment and managed by the American umbrella division of Sony.

It was originally founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed as Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, following its acquisition by the Columbia Broadcasting System. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records, and Sony Corporation bought the company in 1988, renaming it under its current name in 1991. In 2004, Sony and Bertelsmann established a 50-50 joint venture known as Sony BMG, which transferred the businesses of Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group into one entity. However, in 2008, Sony acquired Bertelsmann's stake, and the company reverted to the Sony Music name shortly after; the buyout allowed Sony to acquire all of BMG's labels, which led to the relaunch of BMG, as BMG Rights Management. All of BMG's former labels (Arista, Jive, LaFace, J, etc.) would eventually be absorbed into RCA Records (also formerly owned by BMG) in 2011. Arista Records would later go on to be revived in 2018.

As of 2020, Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest of the "Big Three" record companies, behind Universal Music Group and followed by Warner Music Group. Its music publishing division Sony/ATV (now known as Sony Music Publishing) is the largest music publisher in the world.[5][6] From 2009 to 2020, Sony owned 50% of Syco Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV formats, including Got Talent and The X Factor with Simon Cowell. Cowell acquired Sony's stake in 2020.[7]

On July 17, 2019, Sony announced that Sony Music Entertainment and Sony/ATV would merge to become Sony Music Group.[8][9] The merger was completed on August 1, 2019.[10][4][11]

History[editar | editar código]

1929–1938: American Record Corporation[editar | editar código]

Main article: American Record Corporation

The American Record Corporation (ARC) was founded in 1929 through a merger of several record companies.[12] The company grew for the next several years, acquiring other brands such as the Columbia Phonograph Company, including its Okeh Records subsidiary, in 1934.[13]

1938–1970: Columbia/CBS Records[editar | editar código]

In 1938, ARC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) under the guidance of the chief executive William S. Paley. The company was later renamed Columbia Recording Corporation,[14] and changed again to Columbia Records Inc. in 1947.[15] Edward Wallerstein, who served as the head of Columbia Records since the late 1930s, helped establish the company as a leader in the record industry by spearheading the successful introduction of the LP record.[16] Columbia's success continued through the 1950s with the launch of Epic Records in 1953[17] and Date Records in 1958.[18] By 1962, the Columbia Records productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles, California; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey.[19]

Columbia's international arm was launched in 1962 under the name "CBS Records", as the company only owned the rights to the Columbia name in North America.[20] In 1964, the company began acquiring record companies in other countries for its CBS Records International unit[21] and established its own UK distribution outfit with the acquisition of Oriole Records.[22]

By 1966, Columbia was renamed as CBS Records and was a separate unit of the parent company, CBS-Columbia Group.[23][24] In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture.[25]

1971–1991: CBS Records Group[editar | editar código]

In 1971, CBS Records was expanded into its own "CBS Records Group", with Clive Davis as its administrative vice president and general manager.[26] In the 1980s to the early 1990s, the company managed several successful labels, including CBS Associated Records,[27] which signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer.[28] In 1983, CBS expanded its music publishing business by acquiring the music publishing arm of MGM/UA Communications Co..[29] (CBS later sold the print music arm to Columbia Pictures.[30]) By 1987, CBS was the only "big three" American TV network to have a co-owned record company.[31] With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983.[32]

In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing division, CBS Songs, to SBK Entertainment[33] On November 17, 1987, Sony acquired CBS Records for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now ViacomCBS, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name.[34] The sale was completed on January 5, 1988.[35] CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary.[36]

In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville-based Tree International Publishing.[33]

1991–2004: Birth of Sony Music Entertainment[editar | editar código]

Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark.[37] The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated.[38] Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990.[37] Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company.[39] Thus, Sony Music Entertainment Japan issues labels under Sony Records. The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, and a subsequent 2008 buyout.[40]

In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing.[41]

2004–2008: Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann[editar | editar código]

Bertelsmann Music Group Logo.svg

In August 2004, Sony entered a joint venture with an equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment.[42] However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger.[43]

The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by CBS rival, NBC.[44] It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold.[45] As of 2017, Davis was still with Sony Music as chief creative officer.[46]

2008–present: Sony Music Entertainment and restructuring[editar | editar código]

On August 5, 2008, Sony Corporation of America (SCA) and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. The company completed the acquisition on October 1, 2008.[47] On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced a strategic partnership to leverage worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rights holders.[48][49] In March 2010, Sony Corp partnered with The Michael Jackson Company in a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history.[50]

Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, and later Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1, 2011.[51] Sony Music underwent restructuring upon Morris' arrival; with some artists switching labels while other labels were eliminated altogether.[52][53][54][55]

In June 2012, a consortium led by Sony/ATV acquired EMI Music Publishing, making Sony/ATV the world's largest music publisher at the time.[56] This acquisition also reunited the common ownership of pre-1986 CBS Songs (as SBK Songs) catalog to Sony/ATV.

Rob Stringer became CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on April 1, 2017. He previously served as chairman and CEO of Columbia Records.[57]

Sony has experienced a number of changes with its international labels. In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Filipino office due to piracy, causing it to move its distribution in the country to Ivory Music,[58] until 2018 when SME resumed its Philippines operation.[59] In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis.[60] Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists would then be carried by Feelgood Records.[61]

In June 2017, Sony announced that by March 2018 it would be producing vinyl records in-house for the first time since ceasing their production in 1989. Reporting the decision, the BBC noted that, "Sony's move comes a few months after it equipped its Tokyo studio with a cutting lathe, used to produce the master discs needed for manufacturing vinyl records" but added that "Sony is even struggling to find older engineers who know how to make records".[62]

On February 5, 2019, a group of 1970s-era musicians including David Johansen and John Waite filed lawsuits accusing Sony Music Entertainment and UMG Recordings, Inc. of improperly refusing to let them reclaim the rights to songs they had signed away earlier in their careers.[63] The lawsuit cites U.S. copyright law, which gives artists who formerly bargained away their rights on unfavorable terms a chance to reclaim those rights by filing termination notices after 35 years.[64] The plaintiffs claim that Sony and UMG have “routinely and systematically” ignored hundreds of notices, having taken the position that recordings are “works made for hire” and are therefore not subject to being reclaimed.[63]

In 2021, Sony agreed to buy Kobalt neighbouring rights division and independent distribution company AWAL, from the Kobalt Music Group for $430 million.[65] In April 2021, the Brazilian media company Grupo Globo sold its domestic record label Som Livre to Sony Music for an undisclosed amount. It was approved by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense on 4 November 2021.

Sony Music UK[editar | editar código]

Sony Music UK is owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment in the United Kingdom. Since 2014, Jason Iley has been chairman and CEO of Sony Music UK. Though owned by Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music UK has standalone operations in the UK to promote musicians within the UK.[66]

In June 2017, it was announced that Sony would be merging its two independent distribution companies The Orchard and Red Essential.[67]

2014 saw Sony's best singles success for 33 years, with 11 number 1 singles. Sony Music artists won a total of five individual awards at the BRITs 2015, including Best Female Solo Artist for Paloma Faith, and Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk", which picked up Best British Single. Several other of the label's artists - Foo Fighters, One Direction and Pharrell Williams - also collected awards.[68][69]

Sony's performance at the BRITs 2015 was the label's best in nearly 20 years, winning a total of 5 awards. In 2017, Sony Music UK celebrated the most successful BRIT Awards in the company's history, winning seven of the 11 awards.

In the last three years, Sony Music UK has made key acquisitions including forming Insanity Records with Insanity Management. Craig David became the first artist to sign an album deal with Insanity Records. Sony Music UK signed Robbie Williams, who released his 11th album The Heavy Entertainment Show in 2016. Jason Iley commented that the agreement was "a once in a lifetime signing with the biggest male solo artist of our generation".[70][71]

Sony Music UK also incorporated the independent sales and distribution company Essential Music and Marketing - renamed to Red Essential. In August 2016, Sony Music acquired Ministry of Sound Recordings, home to London Grammar, DJ Fresh and Sigala.[72][73]

On April 5, 2017, two of Sony Music UK's labels won awards at the annual Music Week Awards. Columbia Records received the 'A&R of the Year' Award, while Syco were awarded the 'Record Company of the Year' Award.[74]

Controversies[editar | editar código]

CD price fixing[editar | editar código]

Main article: CD price fixing

Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs. This was done in order to end price wars of the early 1990s among discounters such as Best Buy and Target.[75] A settlement was reached in 2002 that included music publishers and distributors Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music. In restitution for price fixing, they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing.[76] It is estimated that customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million overall and up to $5 per album.[75]

George Michael and Sony Music[editar | editar código]

Main article: Panayiotou v. Sony Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd.

The British artist, signed to Columbia in the U.S. and Epic worldwide, advised Sony executives in 1990 that he would not be appearing in music videos to support his forthcoming album, Listen Without Prejudice, Vol. 1. Michael then accused Sony of not promoting the album at all. He sued in the UK in 1992, asking to be released from his contract. Sony ultimately prevailed in the courts in 1994, but Michael's contract was bought out by other labels. Some 11 years later, Michael licensed tracks to Sony for release.

Michael Jackson and Tommy Mottola[editar | editar código]

The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Michael Jackson and Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits; however, clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future. Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony.[77] He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture; he feared that Sony might have had a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[78] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[77]

In July 2002, Jackson alleged that the then-Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola was a "devil" and "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own gain.[78] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[79] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[80]

Prosecution of copyright infringement[editar | editar código]

In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt.[81] The plaintiff's claims in the court document filed at the Supreme Court of British Columbia read: "The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from."[82] In February 2016, in a lawsuit filed at a California federal court, Sony Music Entertainment and its associated brands (Arista Records and LaFace Records, formerly owned by Bertelsmann Music Group) accused Belgian radio aggregator Radionomy (owned by Universal Music Group's parent Vivendi) of copyright infringement.[83]

2016 boycott[editar | editar código]

In February 2016, 100,000 people signed an online petition in less than 24 hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music, but the court denied the request, prompting a widespread public and media response.[84]

List of Sony Music Entertainment labels[editar | editar código]

Main article: List of Sony Music labels

Flagship record labels[editar | editar código]

Genre-limited record labels[editar | editar código]

Country music
Christian/gospel music
Dance/electronic music
Latin American/Latin pop music
Classical/jazz music
Metal music
Progressive music

Others[editar | editar código]

Sony Music UK[88][89]
  • Columbia Records UK[90]
  • Relentless Records
  • 5K Records[91]
  • Black Butter Records (joint-venture)[92]
  • Dream Life Records[93]
  • Insanity Records (joint-venture)[94]
  • Magic Star[95]
  • Robots + Humans[96]
  • Since ’93[97]
  • Sony Music Nashville UK[98]
  • WEAREBLK (joint-venture)[99]
  • District 18 Entertainment (joint-venture)
Independent music distribution
Catalog
Distributed labels
International

Previously affiliated labels[editar | editar código]

See also[editar | editar código]

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References[editar | editar código]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 FY 2020 revenue & operating income: «Consolidated Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2021». Tokyo, Japan: Sony. 28 de April de 2021. p. 18. Consultado el 28 de April de 2021. 
  2. ↑ [1]
  3. ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Wang, Amy X. (17 de July de 2019). «Sony's Music Recording and Music Publishing Companies Are Now One». Rolling Stone. Archivado desde el original el 16 de May de 2020. Consultado el 22 de July de 2019. «As part of Sony’s business goals to increase collaborations across its entertainment units, be closer to creators and unlock more strategic opportunities, I’d like to inform you that effective August 1, we are bringing together Sony’s recorded music and music publishing businesses outside of Japan to create a new Sony Music Group.»  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  5. ↑ Yamazaki, Makiko (21 de May de 2018). «Sony in US$2.3 billion deal, becomes the world's biggest music publisher». Reuters. Archivado desde el original el 7 de August de 2020. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  6. ↑ Halperin, Shirley; Aswad, Jem (21 de May de 2018). «Sony to Buy Additional 60% Stake in EMI Music Publishing for $2.3 Billion». Variety. Archivado desde el original el 18 de January de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  7. ↑ Daniels, Karu F. (16 de July de 2020). «Simon Cowell acquires Sony Music's stake and retains full control of 'Got Talent' and 'X-Factor'». New York Daily News. Archivado desde el original el 14 de May de 2021. Consultado el 13 de October de 2020.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  8. ↑ Wang, Amy X. (17 de July de 2019). «Sony's Music Recording and Music Publishing Companies Are Now One». Rolling Stone (en en-US). Archivado desde el original el 16 de May de 2020. Consultado el 22 de July de 2019.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  9. ↑ Christman, Ed (17 de July de 2019). «Sony Corp. Restructures Music Division, Brings Recorded Music, Sony/ATV Publishing Together Under Rob Stringer». Billboard. Archivado desde el original el 18 de April de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  10. ↑ Stassen, Murray (17 de July de 2019). «Rob Stringer to run new Sony Music Group, housing publishing and records, from August 1». Music Business Worldwide. Archivado desde el original el 18 de April de 2021. Consultado el 30 de August de 2019. «Effective August 1, Sony Corporation is bringing together its recorded music and music publishing businesses outside of Japan to form Sony Music Group.»  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  11. ↑ Aswad, Jem (17 de July de 2019). «Sony Unites Recorded Music and Publishing Under One Company». Variety (en English). Archivado desde el original el 18 de April de 2021. Consultado el 30 de August de 2019. «The move will take effect on Aug. 1.»  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  12. ↑ Wald, Elijah (2002). Josh White: Society Blues. Routledge Chapman & Hall. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-415-94204-1. Archivado desde el original el 30 de August de 2014. Consultado el 1 de July de 2013.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  13. ↑ Tschmuck, Peter (14 de March de 2012). Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 70. ISBN 978-3-6422-8429-8. Archivado desde el original el 14 de May de 2021. Consultado el 21 de June de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  14. ↑ White, Raymond E. (1 de July de 2006). King of the Cowboys, Queen of the West: Roy Rogers And Dale Evans. Popular Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-299-21004-5. Archivado desde el original el 4 de July de 2014. Consultado el 1 de July de 2013.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  15. ↑ «Columbia Records paperwork collection». Library of Congress. Archivado desde el original el 8 de March de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  17. ↑ «Columbia's Epic to Bow with Classic, Pop Line». Billboard: 14. 19 de September de 1953. ISSN 0006-2510. Archivado desde el original el 4 de July de 2014. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  18. ↑ «Date (N.Y.)». Rockin' Country Style. Archivado desde el original el 20 de July de 2012. Consultado el 5 de December de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  19. ↑ «Who Else Has Four Big Plants? (advertisement)». Billboard. 30 de June de 1962. p. 15. ISSN 0006-2510. Archivado desde el original el 9 de January de 2016. Consultado el 24 de June de 2013.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  20. ↑ «For Information About The Sound Heard 'Round The World, See the CBS International Section (Advertisement)». Billboard. 16 de March de 1963. p. 40. ISSN 0006-2510. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021. 
  21. ↑ Zhito, Lee (16 de May de 1964). «CBS Banner Pays Off For Columbia Label». Billboard. p. 1. ISSN 0006-2510. Archivado desde el original el 14 de May de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  22. ↑ de Vekey, Andre (3 de October de 1964). «It's Official CBS-Oriole Deal». Billboard. p. 3. ISSN 0006-2510. Archivado desde el original el 9 de January de 2016. Consultado el 28 de November de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  24. ↑ «Lieberson Heads New C.B.S. Group. Put in Charge of Activities Outside Broadcasting». The New York Times. 10 de June de 1966. Archivado desde el original el 23 de July de 2018. Consultado el 25 de August de 2012. «Goddard Lieberson, one of the more prominent figures in the phonograph recording industry, has been named the president of the C.B.S./Columbia Group, a new unit of the Columbia Broadcasting System for expanded activities in education and music. The unit is part of the company's long-range plans to achieve greater diversification outside the field of broadcasting.»  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  25. ↑ «CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round of Capital Deregulation». Sony History. Archivado desde el original el 16 de February de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  26. ↑ «CBS Restructures; Davis Role Widened». Billboard. 24 de July de 1971. p. 3. ISSN 0006-2510. Archivado desde el original el 20 de August de 2020. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  27. ↑ Zuckerman, Faye (21 de July de 1984). «Music Monitor». Billboard. p. 31. Archivado desde el original el 14 de May de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  28. ↑ «Pop Albums». Billboard. 27 de December de 1986. pp. 7-8. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021. 
  29. ↑ Lichtman, Irv (8 de January de 1983). «CBS Songs Grows With MGM/UA Deal». Billboard. Archivado desde el original el 23 de May de 2020. Consultado el 1 de September de 2019 – via Google Books.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  30. ↑ Lichtman, Irv (12 de February de 1983). «Columbia Pictures To Acquire Big 3». Billboard. Archivado desde el original el 23 de May de 2020. Consultado el 1 de September de 2019 – via Google Books.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  31. ↑ Lannert, John (16 de January de 1999). «Will Sales Surpass 16 Million in '99?». Billboard. p. 40. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021. «...as combined sales of BMG's Ariola and RCA imprints...» 
  32. ↑ «CBS/Sony Inc.». The New York Times. 8 de December de 1982. p. D4. Archivado desde el original el 11 de May de 2013. Consultado el 20 de July de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Pareles, Jon (4 de January de 1989). «CBS Records to Buy Tree, Ending an Era in Nashville». The New York Times. p. D1. Archivado desde el original el 1 de September de 2020. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021. «CBS Songs, the record company's publishing arm, was sold in 1986 for $125 million to Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier and Charles Koppelman, who renamed it SBK Entertainment. It is now the second-largest music publishing company.»  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  34. ↑ «Sony History Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round of Capital Deregulation». Sony Global. Archivado desde el original el 7 de May de 2015. Consultado el 16 de June de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  35. ↑ «Sony completes $2 billion purchase of CBS Records». United Press International. 5 de January de 1988. Archivado desde el original el 24 de October de 2020. Consultado el 3 de December de 2017.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  36. ↑ «Labels». RED Music. Archivado desde el original el 19 de June de 2015. Consultado el 16 de June de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 «CBS Records Changes Name». Reuters. 16 de October de 1990. Archivado desde el original el 25 de July de 2018. Consultado el 31 de July de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  38. ↑ «Epic Records:The vanishing label to-be?». Steve Hoffman Music Forums. 9 de May de 2008. Archivado desde el original el 28 de September de 2011. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  39. ↑ «Vol.15 : CBS/Sony Records Inc. Established in 1968». Sony Time Capsule. Archivado desde el original el 24 de June de 2019. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  40. ↑ Llewellyn, Howell (27 de May de 2000). «The Spanish Star Shines». Billboard. p. 76. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021. «When Sony bought CBS, Spain had to keep the name Sony CBS instead of Sony Columbia, until Sony bought the rights to the name Columbia from BMG Spain.» 
  41. ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  42. ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  43. ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  44. ↑ «Sale Talk For RCA Records». The New York Times. 6 de September de 1986. Archivado desde el original el 13 de October de 2017. Consultado el 12 de February de 2017.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  45. ↑ «Clive Davis». Biography. Consultado el 8 de November de 2016. 
  46. ↑ Fekadu, Mesfin (1 de March de 2013). «At 80, no break planned for music exec Clive Davis». Yahoo! Entertainment. Archivado desde el original el 23 de June de 2015. Consultado el 23 de June de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  48. ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  49. ↑ Adegoke, Yinka (1 de July de 2009). «Sony Music, IODA Create Digital Network». Reuters. Archivado desde el original el 7 de July de 2009. Consultado el 1 de July de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  50. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (16 de March de 2010). «Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive $250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music». Rolling Stone. Archivado desde el original el 24 de September de 2017. Consultado el 14 de September de 2017.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  51. ↑ Smith, Ethan (3 de March de 2011). «Sony Music Recruits CEO». The Wall Street Journal. Archivado desde el original el 29 de June de 2011. Consultado el 2 de March de 2011.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  54. ↑ Halpern, Shirley (7 de October de 2011). «RCA Records' Peter Edge and Tom Corson on Why the Label Downsized and its Place in Sony's Big Picture (Q&A)». The Hollywood Reporter. Archivado desde el original el 10 de February de 2021. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  55. ↑ Christman, Ed (24 de August de 2011). «RCA's New Executive Team Named; Layoffs Expected». The Hollywood Reporter. Archivado desde el original el 6 de June de 2019. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  58. ↑ «Sony Music succumbs to piracy, closes Philippine office». InterAksyon. Archivado desde el original el 14 de June de 2012. Consultado el 9 de June de 2012.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  59. ↑ Liwanag, Punch. «Audio Junkie: Sony Music opens shop anew in PH». Manila Bulletin. Archivado desde el original el 15 de September de 2018. Consultado el 8 de August de 2021. 
  60. ↑ «Κλείνει η ιστορική δισκογραφική Sony Music Greece» [The historical record label Sony Music Greece closes]. iNews (en Ελληνικά). 27 de June de 2013. Archivado desde el original el 2 de February de 2014. Consultado el 2 de January de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  63. ↑ 63,0 63,1 Stempel, Jonathan (5 de February de 2019). «1970s-era musicians sue Sony, UMG to reclaim song rights». CNBC. Archivado desde el original el 7 de February de 2019. Consultado el 6 de February de 2019.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  65. ↑ «Not for Sale: After Unloading AWAL, Kobalt Says It's Off the Block». Billboard (en English). 2 de February de 2021. Archivado desde el original el 9 de March de 2021. Consultado el 5 de March de 2021.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
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  100. ↑ Sisario, Ben (8 de April de 2013). «Jay-Z's Entertainment Company Makes Music Deal With Universal». The New York Times. 

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