Wikipedia
  | |
Screenshot .svg) Wikipedia's desktop homepage | |
Type of site | Online encyclopedia |
|---|---|
| Available in | Error de Lua en Módulo:NUMBEROF/meta en la línea 5: attempt to index field 'data' (a nil value). languages |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Owner | |
| Created by | |
| URL | wikipedia.org |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Optional[note 1] |
| Users | >Error en la expresión: operador < no esperado. active editors[note 2] >Error en la expresión: operador < no esperado. registered users |
| Launched | January 15, 2001 |
| Current status | Active |
Content license | CC Attribution / Share-Alike 3.0 Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies |
| Written in | LAMP platform[2] |
| OCLC number | 52075003 |
Wikipedia[note 3] is an online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system called MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history,[3][4] and has consistently been one of the 10 most popular websites.[5] Created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, it is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization.
Initially available only in English, versions in other languages were quickly developed. Wikipedia's combined editions comprise more than Error de Lua en Módulo:Spellnum_per_MOS en la línea 18: attempt to compare nil with number. articles, attracting around 2Error en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.billion unique device visits per month and more than 15 million edits per month (about 5.7Error en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.edits per second on average) as of January 2023[update].[6][7]
Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, culture, and reduced degree of commercial bias. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and ideological bias.[8][9] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and early 2020s,[3][8][10][note 4] having become an important fact-checking site.[11][12] It has been censored by world governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site.[13][14] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as a source of frequently updated information about those events.[15][16]
History[editar | editar código]
Nupedia[editar | editar código]
.jpg)
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success.[17] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.[18] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.[1][19] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman.[20] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[21][22] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[23] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[24]
Launch and growth[editar | editar código]
The domains wikipedia.com (later redirecting to wikipedia.org) and wikipedia.org were registered on January 12, 2001,[25] and January 13, 2001,[26] respectively, and Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001[18] as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[27] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[21] The name originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia.[28][29] Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view"[30] was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.[21] Bomis originally intended it as a business for profit.[31]
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.[34][35] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.[36]
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[37] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.[38][39]
Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.[40] Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.[41] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.[42] Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.[43][44][45]
In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.[46][47] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.[48] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.[49] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".[50] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, revealing that since 2007, Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.[51] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.[52] In the November 25, 2013, issue of New York magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."[53]
The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.[54][55]
Milestones[editar | editar código]
In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks.[56] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple (#11).[56] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.[57] In 2014, it received eight billion page views every month.[58] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".[6] As of March 2023[update], it ranked 6th in popularity, according to Similarweb.[59] Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic accumulation".[60][61]
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours.[62] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.[63][64]
On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about two billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost nine percent."[65] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."[65] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."[65] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.[66]
In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, an asteroid, was named after Wikipedia;[67] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument;[68] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia.[69] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander, Beresheet, crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.[70][71] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA.[72]
As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,[73] from which cloud computing was the most cited page.[74]
On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".[75][76] It featured a redesigned menu bar, moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar, and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.[76][77] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes.[75][78]
Openness[editar | editar código]
.png)
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.[79]
Restrictions[editar | editar código]
Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.[80] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.[81][82] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.[83] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes.[84] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".[85]
In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.[86] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.[87] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.[88]
Review of changes[editar | editar código]
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision.[note 5][89] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.[90] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.[91]
In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".[92]
Vandalism[editar | editar código]
Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.[93] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.[94]
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.[95][96] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.[97]
In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[97] It remained uncorrected for four months.[97] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.[98][99] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".[97] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.[100]
Edit warring[editar | editar código]
Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".[101][102] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added,[103] and criticized as creating a competitive[104] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles.[105][106]
Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.[107][108] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush, anarchism, and Muhammad.[108] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories.[108]
Policies and laws[editar | editar código]
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Jimmy Wales, The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks, 20 minutes | |
| Katherine Maher, What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks, 15 minutes |
Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Virginia, where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located.[109][110] By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation Terms of Use and Privacy Policy; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users.[111][112] In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".[113]
The editorial principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars"[which?] and in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.[114] The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.[115] Editors can enforce the rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material.[116] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.[86]
Content policies and guidelines[editar | editar código]
According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.[117] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability", which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject.[118] Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.[119] It must not present original research.[120] A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations.[117] Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.[121] This can at times lead to the removal of information that, though valid, is not properly sourced.[122] Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.[123]
Governance[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time.[124][125] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.[126]
Administrators[editar | editar código]
Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights, granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "adminship",[127] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.[128] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.[128]
By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.[129] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.[130]
Dispute resolution[editar | editar código]
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".[101]
Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field.[131] Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers.[131]: 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.[131]: 83
Arbitration Committee[editar | editar código]
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.[132] Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,[133] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.[132] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).[note 6] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%).[132] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti-social behavior.[134] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.[132]
Community[editar | editar código]
Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.[135]
Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike,[136] although not always with entirely negative connotations.[137] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials, has been referred to as "anti-elitism".[138]
Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.[139] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.[140] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".[141] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."[142] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[143]
The English Wikipedia has 1271 articles, 12 434 registered editors, and 9 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.[144]
Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".[145] Editors who do not log in are in some sense "second-class citizens" on Wikipedia,[145] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",[146] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.[146]
Studies[editar | editar código]
A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".[147] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the usersError en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... 524 peopleError en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."[141] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".[141]
A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,[148] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.[149] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".[150]
Diversity[editar | editar código]
Several studies have shown that most Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.[151] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors.[152] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown, gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.[152] Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".[citation needed][153] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.[154]
Language editions[editar | editar código]
Distribution of the Error de Lua en Módulo:NUMBEROF/data en la línea 5: attempt to index field 'data' (a nil value). articles in different language editions (as of enero 22, 2025)[155]
La página Plantilla:Legend/styles.css debe tener el modelo de contenido "CSS expurgado" para TemplateStyles (el modelo de contenido que tiene actualmente es "texto wiki").
There are currently Error de Lua en Módulo:NUMBEROF/meta en la línea 5: attempt to index field 'data' (a nil value). language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions, or simply Wikipedias). As of enero 2025, the six largest, in order of article count, are the [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-93">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-94">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-95">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-96">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-97">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-98">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-99">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-100">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-101">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-102">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], and [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-103">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-104">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]] Wikipedias.[156] The Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertNumeric en la línea 576: Invalid decimal numeral. and Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertNumeric en la línea 576: Invalid decimal numeral.-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot, which as of 2013[update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia, and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias. The latter are both languages of the Philippines.
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ([[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-109">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-110">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-111">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-112">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-113">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-114">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-115">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-116">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-117">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-118">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-119">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-120">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-121">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-122">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-123">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-124">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-125">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-126">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-127">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-128">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-129">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-130">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]] and [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-131">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-132">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]]), seven more have over 500,000 articles ([[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-133">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-134">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-135">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-136">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-137">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-138">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-139">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-140">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-141">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-142">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]], [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-143">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-144">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]] and [[error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-145">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized Wikipedia|error: language code: <strongclass="error"><spanclass="scribunto-error"id="mw-scribunto-error-146">errordeluaenmódulo:numberof/rankenlalínea33:attempttoindexfield'data'(anilvalue). not recognized]]), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.[157][156] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 0 million articles. As of January 2021,[update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.[158]
| 0.1 | 0.3 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The unit for the numbers in bars is articles.
Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color)[160] or points of view.[161]
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[162][163]
Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[164] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others).[165] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,[166] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[167] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.[167] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.[118]
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.[169][170]
A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the simple English Wikipedia.[168]
English Wikipedia editor numbers[editar | editar código]
On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."[171] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.[171]
In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.[171]
Reception[editar | editar código]
Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014.[update][172][131]
Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".[173] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's "Undue Weight" policy, concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.[174][175][176]
Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.[173][177] A 2008 article in Education Next Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin.[178]
In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."[179]
Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased. In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much "leftist bias".[180] Wikipedia co-founder Sanger said that Wikipedia has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.[181] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.[182]
Accuracy of content[editar | editar código]
| External audio | |
|---|---|
 The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1, Ideas with Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15, 2014 |
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.[183] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."[184] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."[185] Others raised similar critiques.[186] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,[187][188] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.[189] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4Error en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.× 101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).[190]
As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.[191] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[192] the insertion of false information,[193] vandalism, and similar problems.
Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[194] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".[195] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that, "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopedia Britannica, summarizing that, "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."[196]
Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.[197] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.[198] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[199] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.[200]
| External videos | |
|---|---|
| Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry, Deutsche Welle, 7:13 mins[201] |
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.[89][202] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.[203] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'"[203][204][205][206][207] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[208]
Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".[209]
Discouragement in education[editar | editar código]
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[210] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[211][212] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[213] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.[214][215]
In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change.[216] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".[217]
Contrarily, a 2016 article in the Universal Journal of Educational Research argued that "Wikipedia can be used for serious student projects..." and that Wikipedia is a good place to learn academic writing styles.[218] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education "flipped classroom", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, proving that Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.[219]
Medical information[editar | editar código]
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."[220] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.[220] In a May 7, 2014 follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."[221] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."[221]
Coverage of topics and systemic bias[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.[222] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism).[223][224] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.[225] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy.[226] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China[227] and Pakistan,[228] amongst other countries.[229][230][231]
A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:[232]
- Culture and Arts: 30% (210%)
- Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)
- Geography and places: 14% (52%)
- Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)
- History and events: 11% (143%)
- Natural and Physical Sciences: 9% (213%)
- Technology and Applied Science: 4% (−6%)
- Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)
- Health: 2% (42%)
- Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)
- Thought and Philosophy: 1% (160%)
These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.[233]
A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".[234]
Coverage of topics and bias[editar | editar código]
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented.[235] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.[236]
An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers.[237] Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in Cape Town sought to address.[154]
Systemic biases[editar | editar código]
Academic studies of Wikipedia have consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English speaking white male, aged 15-49 from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.[238] This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.[239][240] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, gender bias, and geographical bias on Wikipedia.[241][242] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).[239]
Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.[241] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".[50] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.[51]
Explicit content[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.[243] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces, cadaver, human penis, vulva, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.[244]
The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children.[245]
The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer—a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.[246]
In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.[247][248] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003.[249] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law.[249] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.[250] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,[251] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."[251] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".[252] Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.[253]
Privacy[editar | editar código]
One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.[254][note 7] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life. The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".[255]
In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.[256]
Wikipedia has a "Volunteer Response Team" that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS[257] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.[258]
On late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the Online Safety Bill. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.[259]
Sexism[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment.[260][261] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.[262] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.[263]
In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media.[264][265] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award.[265][266] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou.[265] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation."[267] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.[267]
A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."[268]
Operation[editar | editar código]
Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks.[269] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.[270][271] The foundation's 2020 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.[272]
In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.[273] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."[274][275] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparencyError en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.[274]
Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted,[276] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.[277] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priorityError en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words."[153]
Maher served as executive director until April 2021.[278] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.[279]
Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates. These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimédia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.[280]
Software operations and support[editar | editar código]
The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system.[281] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection.[282] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.[281][283] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.[284] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.
Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.[285]
In April 2005, a Lucene extension[286][287] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch.[288]
In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use.[289][290][291] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".[292] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.[293]
Automated editing[editar | editar código]
Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.[294][295][296] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson, created articles with his bot Lsjbot, which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.[297] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).[298] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.[295] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet incident in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.[299] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.[300]
According to Andrew Lih, the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.[301]
Hardware operations and support[editar | editar código]
As of 2021,[update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server.[302] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.[302] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.[303]
Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system.[304] As of February 2023,[update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam, San Francisco, Singapore, and Marseille.[110][305] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia.[306][307] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia.[308] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille, France.[309]
Internal research and operational development[editar | editar código]
Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,[51] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.[310] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.[51][292] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.[311] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars,[312] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.[311] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually,[313] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.[311]
Internal news publications[editar | editar código]
Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.[314][315] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects.[316] Other past and present community news publications on English Wikipedia include the Wikiworld webcomic,[317] the Wikipedia Weekly podcast,[318] and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History[319] and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors.[320] There are also several publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as Wikimedia Diff[321] and This Month in Education.[322]
The Wikipedia Library[editar | editar código]
The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.[323][324] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."[325]
Access to content[editar | editar código]
Content licensing[editar | editar código]
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[326] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.[327] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.[328] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.[329] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.[330][331][332][333]
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine,[334] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.[335] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.[336]
The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.[337][338]
Methods of access[editar | editar código]
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.[339] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.
Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com.[340][341] Another example is Wapedia, which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.[342] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset)[343] and DuckDuckGo.
Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.[344] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,[345] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,[346] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.[347] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children, is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.[348]
There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.[349][350] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.[351]
The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia.[352] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF.[353] As of February 2023,[update] it has over 101 million items.[354] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009.[355]
Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged.[356] Wikipedia publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023,[update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.[357] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this.[358]
Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55 percent.[359]
Mobile access[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.[6] The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more."[6] The New York Times reports that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.[6]
Bloomberg Businessweek reported in July 2014 that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013, with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with 15.2% of the market.[360] At the time of the appointment of new Wikimedia Foundation executive Lila Tretikov, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia. Soon after, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.[275] The Android app for Wikipedia was released on July 23, 2014, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.[361][362] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.[363]
Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service.[342] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or WebOS-based devices.[364] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation.[365][366]
Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.[367][368] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.[367]
Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.[369][370] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years,[369] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.[51] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.[369][370]
Chinese access[editar | editar código]
Access to the Chinese Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015.[14][371][372] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.[373]
In 2017, Quartz reported that the Chinese government had begun creating an unofficial version of Wikipedia. However, unlike Wikipedia, the website's contents would only be editable by scholars from state-owned Chinese institutions. The article stated it had been approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China in 2011.[374]
Cultural influence[editar | editar código]
Trusted source to combat fake news[editar | editar código]
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.[11][12] Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out 'fake news'."[12][375]
Readership[editar | editar código]
In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month,Error en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."[6] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.[376]
In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[377] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[378] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.[379] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[380] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.[381]
According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.[382]
As of February 2023,[update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month.[7]
COVID-19 pandemic[editar | editar código]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.[383][384][385][386] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet."[384] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects.[387] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021.[update][388][389]
Cultural significance[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[390][391][392] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[393] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[394]—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[395] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports.[396] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia.[397]
Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[398][399] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[400][401][402][403]
In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.[404] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[405] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[406]
One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[407]
A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcingError en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".[408]
In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired, Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "sapere aude" (lit. 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."[409]
Awards[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.[410] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[411]
In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[412]
In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger.[413]
In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,[414] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation.[415] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users.[416]
Satire[editar | editar código]
Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles.
Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".[208] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion,[417] as well as the 2010 The Onion article "'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".[418]
In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office, office manager (Michael Scott) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.[419] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.[420]
"My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs, played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide.[421]
In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.[422]
The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."[423]
In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia.[424] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.[425]
On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"[426] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman.[427]
In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.[428]
Sister projects – Wikimedia[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary, a dictionary project launched in December 2002,[429] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched,[430] Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,[431] Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia,[432] Wikinews, for collaborative journalism,[433] and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.[434] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies, is a catalogue of all species, but is not open for public editing.[435] In 2012, Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide,[436] and Wikidata, an editable knowledge base, launched.[437]
Publishing[editar | editar código]
The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.[438][439][440] Nicholas Carr's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0" criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."[441] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson, the former editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes.[442]
Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply".[443] Kathryn Hughes, professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?"[443]
Research use[editar | editar código]
Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language processing.[444][445] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification",[446] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation.[447] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.[448]
In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.[449][450][451] They used PageRank, CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".[451][452] The study was updated in 2019.[453]
A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.[454][455]
Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism[456][457] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia.[458]
In February 2022, civil servants from the UK's Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities were found to have used Wikipedia for research in the drafting of the Levelling Up White Paper after journalists at The Independent noted that parts of the document had been lifted directly from Wikipedia articles on Constantinople and the list of largest cities throughout history.[459]
Related projects[editar | editar código]
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.[460]
Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2),[461] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE).[462] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.[463]
Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium.[464][465] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.[466][467]
See also[editar | editar código]
Error de Lua: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
- Democratization of knowledge
- Interpedia, an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia
- List of online encyclopedias
- List of Wikipedia controversies
- Network effect
- Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines
- QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia
- Wikipedia Review
Notes[editar | editar código]
- ↑ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.
- ↑ To be considered active, a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.
- ↑ Pronounced /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ (
listen) wik-ih-PEE-dee-ə or /ˌwɪki-/ (listen) wik-ee-
- ↑ Despite this praise, Wikipedia does not recognize itself as a reliable source.
- ↑ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.
- ↑ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may NOT directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.
- ↑ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction.
References[editar | editar código]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Sidener, Jonathan (6 de December de 2004). «Everyone's Encyclopedia». U-T San Diego. Archivado desde el original el 11 de October de 2007. Consultado el 15 de October de 2006. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Chapman, Roger (6 de September de 2011). «Top 40 Website Programming Languages». rogchap.com. Archivado desde el original el 22 de September de 2013. Consultado el 6 de September de 2011. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 3,0 3,1 «Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher». The Economist. 9 de January de 2021. Archivado desde el original el 31 de December de 2022. Consultado el 25 de February de 2021.
- ↑ Anderson, Chris (8 de May de 2006). «Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100». Time. Archivado desde el original el 12 de October de 2022. Consultado el 11 de November de 2017. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Top Websites ranking – Most Visited Websites in the world [December 2022]». Semrush (en English). Consultado el 1 de December de 2022.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Cohen, Noam (9 de February de 2014). «Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 9 de November de 2022. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 7,0 7,1 «Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 18 de November de 2020.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 «Happy Birthday, Wikipedia». The Economist. 9 de January de 2021. Archivado desde el original el 1 de January de 2023. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Harrison, Stephen (9 de June de 2020). «How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice». Slate. Archivado desde el original el 10 de February de 2023. Consultado el 17 de August de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Cooke, Richard (17 de February de 2020). «Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet». Wired (en en-us). Archivado desde el original el 17 de December de 2022. Consultado el 13 de October de 2020.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (3 de April de 2018). «Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button». Meta (en en-US). Archivado desde el original el 11 de January de 2023. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Cohen, Noam (7 de April de 2018). «Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet». The Washington Post. Archivado desde el original el 14 de June de 2018.
- ↑ Treisman, Rachel (1 de April de 2022). «Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war». NPR. Archivado desde el original el 2 de December de 2022. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 14,0 14,1 Skipper, Ben (7 de December de 2015). «China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again». International Business Times UK. Archivado desde el original el 3 de May de 2018. Consultado el 2 de May de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (20 de May de 2022). «Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started». CNN. Archivado desde el original el 12 de October de 2022. Consultado el 24 de May de 2022. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ McNamee, Kai (15 de September de 2022). «Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death». NPR. Archivado desde el original el 15 de January de 2023. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Garber, Megan (12 de October de 2011). «The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?». Nieman Lab. Archivado desde el original el 10 de February de 2023. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 18,0 18,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Meyers, Peter (20 de September de 2001). «Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You». The New York Times. Consultado el 22 de November de 2007. «'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.»
- ↑ Stallman, Richard M. (20 de June de 2007). «The Free Encyclopedia Project». Free Software Foundation. Consultado el 4 de January de 2008.
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Sanger, Larry (18 de April de 2005). «The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir». Slashdot. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Sanger, Larry (17 de January de 2001). «Wikipedia Is Up!». Archivado desde el original el 6 de May de 2001. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ T., Laura (30 de October de 2001). «Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?». Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2022. Consultado el 20 de February de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Sanger, Larry (10 de January de 2001). «Let's Make a Wiki». Internet Archive. Archivado desde el original el 14 de April de 2003. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ «WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions». Network Solutions. 27 de September de 2007. Archivado desde el original el 27 de September de 2007. Consultado el 31 de August de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions». Network Solutions. 27 de September de 2007. Archivado desde el original el 27 de September de 2007. Consultado el 31 de August de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia: HomePage». Archivado desde el original el 31 de March de 2001. Consultado el 31 de March de 2001.
- ↑ Miliard, Mike (1 de March de 2008). «Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?». Salt Lake City Weekly. Consultado el 18 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Sidener, Jonathan (9 de October de 2006). «Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego». The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archivado desde el original el 11 de November de 2016. Consultado el 5 de May de 2009.
- ↑ "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).
- ↑ Finkelstein, Seth (25 de September de 2008). «Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says». The Guardian (London). Archivado desde el original el 7 de December de 2022. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia Statistics (English)». stats.wikimedia.org.
- ↑ «Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects». stats.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 11 de February de 2022.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ [[[Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics (2001)]] «Multilingual statistics»]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 30 de March de 2005. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008». Osdir. Archivado desde el original el 6 de October de 2008. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|df=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. ISBN 978-1594201530. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Vibber, Brion (16 de August de 2002). «Brion VIBBER at pobox.com». Wikimedia. Archivado desde el original el 20 de June de 2014. Consultado el 8 de December de 2020. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Johnson, Bobbie (12 de August de 2009). «Wikipedia approaches its limits». The Guardian (London). Consultado el 31 de March de 2010. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). «Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia». Boston Review. Archivado desde el original el 11 de December de 2019.
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (28 de March de 2009). «Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 30 de April de 2011. Consultado el 19 de April de 2011.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Kleeman, Jenny (26 de November de 2009). «Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words». The Guardian (London). Consultado el 31 de March de 2010.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (27 de November de 2009). «Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages». The Wall Street Journal (en en-US). Archivado desde el original el 4 de December de 2022. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Barnett, Emma (26 de November de 2009). «Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors». The Daily Telegraph (London). Archivado desde el original el 9 de November de 2022. Consultado el 31 de March de 2010. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 50,0 50,1 Rawlinson, Kevin (8 de August de 2011). «Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors». The Independent. Archivado desde el original el 21 de April de 2022. Consultado el 5 de April de 2012. (requiere registro). Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 51,0 51,1 51,2 51,3 51,4 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Meyer, Robinson (16 de July de 2012). «3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins». The Atlantic. Archivado desde el original el 9 de December de 2022. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.
- ↑ F., G. (5 de May de 2013). «Who really runs Wikipedia?». The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archivado desde el original el 26 de November de 2021. Consultado el 26 de November de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Mandiberg, Michael (23 de February de 2020). «Mapping Wikipedia». The Atlantic (en English). Archivado desde el original el 15 de November de 2021. Consultado el 26 de November de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 56,0 56,1 «New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic» (PDF). Comscore (en English). 15 de February de 2007. p. 3. Archivado desde el original el 19 de August de 2021. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Carlos Perez, Juan (17 de February de 2007). «Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites». PCWorld. Archivado desde el original el 19 de March de 2012. Consultado el 26 de March de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 8 de March de 2015.
- ↑ Similarweb. «Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World». Similarweb. Consultado el 4 de March de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Rosen, Rebecca J. (30 de January de 2013). «What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?». The Atlantic. Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2022. Consultado el 9 de February de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Netburn, Deborah (19 de January de 2012). «Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress». Los Angeles Times. Archivado desde el original el 14 de November de 2022. Consultado el 6 de March de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves». BBC News. 18 de January de 2012. Archivado desde el original el 27 de December de 2022. Consultado el 19 de January de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «SOPA/Blackoutpage». Wikimedia Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 22 de June de 2018. Consultado el 19 de January de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 65,0 65,1 65,2 Varma, Subodh (20 de January de 2014). «Google eating into Wikipedia page views?». The Economic Times. Archivado desde el original el 11 de December de 2022. Consultado el 10 de February de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Alexa Top 500 Global Sites». Alexa Internet. Archivado desde el original el 3 de February de 2021. Consultado el 28 de December de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Workman, Robert (5 de January de 2013). «Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'». Space.com. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Katz, Leslie (27 de October de 2014). «A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)». CNET. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Sawers, Paul (18 de June de 2015). «You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000». VentureBeat (en en-US). Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (5 de August de 2019). «A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon». Wired. Archivado desde el original el 24 de December de 2022. Consultado el 6 de August de 2019. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Resnick, Brian (6 de August de 2019). «Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.». Vox. Consultado el 6 de August de 2019.
- ↑ Shankland, Stephen (29 de June de 2019). «Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.». CNET. Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2022. Consultado el 7 de August de 2019. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource». exaly. Consultado el 4 de November de 2022.
- ↑ «Citations of Cloud Computing». exaly. Consultado el 4 de November de 2022.
- ↑ 75,0 75,1 Pearl, Mike (18 de January de 2023). «Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out.». Mashable (en English). Archivado desde el original el 20 de January de 2023. Consultado el 23 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 76,0 76,1 Tech Desk (18 de January de 2023). «Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features». The Indian Express. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront». Wikimedia Foundation. 18 de January de 2023. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Rauwerda, Annie (18 de January de 2023). «Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.». Slate Magazine (en English). Consultado el 23 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It – Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300124873. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Why create an account?». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Protection policy». Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Hafner, Katie (17 de June de 2006). «Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 12 de December de 2022. Consultado el 5 de December de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Protection policy». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Protection policy – Full protection». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (14 de January de 2021). «Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better.». Columbia Journalism Review (en English). Archivado desde el original el 17 de January de 2023. Consultado el 15 de January de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 86,0 86,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Henderson, William (10 de December de 2012). «Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks». Business Insider. Archivado desde el original el 13 de November de 2022. Consultado el 22 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Frewin, Jonathan (15 de June de 2010). «Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing». BBC News. Archivado desde el original el 27 de November de 2022. Consultado el 21 de August de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 89,0 89,1 Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). «World of Knowledge». Linux Magazine. Archivado desde el original el 25 de September de 2007. Consultado el 13 de July de 2007. «The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.» Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|df=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Help:Recent changes». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:New pages patrol». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Vandalism. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ↑ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). «Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations». Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). pp. 575-582. ISBN 978-1581137026. S2CID 10351688. doi:10.1145/985921.985953. Archivado desde el original el 25 de January de 2006. Consultado el 24 de January de 2007.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ 97,0 97,1 97,2 97,3 Seigenthaler, John (29 de November de 2005). «A False Wikipedia 'biography'». USA Today. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 124. ISBN 978-0374292782.
- ↑ Buchanan, Brian (17 de November de 2006). «Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace». First Amendment Center. Archivado desde el original el 21 de December de 2012. Consultado el 17 de November de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Helm, Burt (13 de December de 2005). «Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"». BusinessWeek. Archivado desde el original el 8 de July de 2012. Consultado el 26 de July de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 101,0 101,1 «Wikipedia:Dispute resolution». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Coldewey, Devin (21 de June de 2012). «Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study». Technology. NBC News. Archivado desde el original el 22 de August de 2014.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Torres, Nicole (2 de June de 2016). «Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?». Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Consultado el 20 de August de 2019.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia». MIT Technology Review (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 17 de July de 2013.
- ↑ 108,0 108,1 108,2 Yasseri, Taha; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N., eds. The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis. Scarecrow Press. S2CID 12133330. SSRN 2269392. arXiv:1305.5566. doi:10.2139/SSRN.2269392.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Copyrights». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ 110,0 110,1 «Wikimedia servers». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (Wikimedia Foundation). 22 de April de 2013. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Terms of Use – Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki». Wikimedia Foundation (en English). Consultado el 22 de December de 2022.
- ↑ «Privacy policy – Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki». Wikimedia Foundation (en English). Consultado el 22 de December de 2022.
- ↑ «Policies – Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki». Wikimedia Foundation (en English). Consultado el 22 de December de 2022.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Five pillars». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en English). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 7 de August de 2022.
- ↑ «Who's behind Wikipedia?». PC World. 6 de February de 2008. p. 2. Archivado desde el original el 9 de February de 2008. Consultado el 7 de February de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines – Enforcement». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ 117,0 117,1 «Wikipedia:Citing sources». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023. «Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space.»
- ↑ 118,0 118,1 «Wikipedia:Notability». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ No original research. February 13, 2008. "Wikipedia does not publish original thought."
- ↑ «Wikipedia:No original research». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023. «Wikipedia articles must not contain original research. The phrase "original research"... is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist.»
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Verifiability». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023. «Readers must be able to check that any of the information within Wikipedia articles is not just made up. This means all material must be attributable to reliable, published sources. Additionally, quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by inline citations.»
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (9 de August de 2011). «For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far». International Herald Tribune. p. 18.
- ↑ Neutral point of view. February 13, 2008. "All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."
- ↑ Sanger, Larry (18 de April de 2005). «The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir». Slashdot. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Ownership of content». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023. «No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia).»
- ↑ Mehegan, David (13 de February de 2006). «Many contributors, common cause». Boston Globe. Consultado el 25 de March de 2007.
- ↑ 128,0 128,1 «Wikipedia:Administrators». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Meyer, Robinson (16 de July de 2012). «3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins». The Atlantic. Consultado el 2 de September de 2012.
- ↑ Harrison, Stephen (16 de June de 2022). «Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election"». Slate (en English). Consultado el 22 de July de 2022.
- ↑ 131,0 131,1 131,2 131,3 Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia (en English). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804791205. JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9. doi:10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ 132,0 132,1 132,2 132,3 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Banning policy». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin M.; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (3 de January de 2007). «Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia». Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Archivado desde el original el 5 de February de 2007. Consultado el 27 de June de 2008.
- ↑ Arthur, Charles (15 de December de 2005). «Log on and join in, but beware the web cults». The Guardian (London). Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Lu Stout, Kristie (4 de August de 2003). «Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site». CNN. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Sanger, Larry (31 de December de 2004). «Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism». Kuro5hin, Op–Ed. Archivado desde el original el 1 de November de 2021. Consultado el 26 de March de 2021. «There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)». Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Goodwin, Jean (2009). «The Authority of Wikipedia». Archivado desde el original el 22 de November de 2009. Consultado el 31 de January de 2011. «Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers».
- ↑ Kittur, Aniket (2007). «Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie». CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Viktoria Institute. Parámetro desconocido
|citeseerx=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 141,0 141,1 141,2 Blodget, Henry (3 de January de 2009). «Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?». Business Insider. Consultado el 26 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Wilson, Chris (22 de February de 2008). «The Wisdom of the Chaperones». Slate. Consultado el 13 de August de 2014.
- ↑ Swartz, Aaron (4 de September de 2006). «Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?». Archivado desde el original el 3 de August de 2014. Consultado el 23 de February de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|df=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Wikipedians». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 26 de January de 2023.
- ↑ 145,0 145,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ 146,0 146,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money». Scientific American. 19 de October de 2007. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ McGreal, Scott A. (11 de March de 2013). «The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members». Psychology Today. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016.
- ↑ Giles, Jim (4 de August de 2009). «After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?». New Scientist.
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (31 de January de 2011). «Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List». The New York Times. Consultado el 28 de October de 2013.
- ↑ 152,0 152,1 «OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall». CBC News. 27 de August de 2013. Consultado el 21 de August de 2014.
- ↑ 153,0 153,1 Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (22 de December de 2016). «Is Wikipedia Woke?». Bloomberg Businessweek. Consultado el 21 de September de 2022.
- ↑ 154,0 154,1 Walker, Andy (21 de June de 2018). «The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps». memeburn. Consultado el 26 de January de 2023.
- ↑ List of Wikipedias – Meta
- ↑ 156,0 156,1 «Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias». English Wikipedia. Consultado el enero 22, 2025.
- ↑ «Statistics». English Wikipedia. 4 de October de 2018. Consultado el 21 de June de 2008.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «List of Wikipedias». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Consultado el 22 enero 2025.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 19 de May de 2007.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 19 de May de 2007.
- ↑ «Non-free content». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 27 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Meta-Wiki». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de March de 2009.
- ↑ «Meta-Wiki Statistics». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de March de 2008.
- ↑ 167,0 167,1 «List of articles every Wikipedia should have». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 24 de March de 2008.
- ↑ 168,0 168,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Manual:Interwiki». MediaWiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 27 de January de 2023.
- ↑ 171,0 171,1 171,2 «The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?». The Economist. 1 de March de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 26 de October de 2022. Consultado el 11 de March de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Jemielniak, Dariusz (22 de June de 2014). «The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia». Slate. Consultado el 18 de August de 2014.
- ↑ 173,0 173,1 Black, Edwin (19 de April de 2010). «Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge». History News Network (Columbian College of Arts and Sciences). Archivado desde el original el 9 de September de 2016. Consultado el 21 de October de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (12 de February de 2012). «The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia». The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archivado desde el original el 18 de December de 2016. Consultado el 27 de March de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia experience sparks national debate». BGSU News (Bowling Green State University). 27 de February de 2012. Archivado desde el original el 27 de August de 2016. Consultado el 27 de March de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Kamm, Oliver (16 de August de 2007). «Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds». The Times. Archivado desde el original el 14 de August de 2011.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (13 de October de 2020). «From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades». Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution (en English). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262360593. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005. Parámetro desconocido
|doi-access=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Lott, Maxim (18 de February de 2021). «Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried». Fox News (en en-US). Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Brown, Lee (16 de July de 2021). «Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment'». New York Post. Archivado desde el original el 16 de July de 2021. Consultado el 31 de May de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia Bias». StosselTV. 27 de April de 2022. Archivado desde el original el 22 de December de 2022. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up». Wired. Associated Press. 15 de December de 2005. Archivado desde el original el 14 de December de 2014. Consultado el 8 de August de 2015. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (subscription required)
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
- «Wikipedia survives research test». BBC News. 15 de December de 2005.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (16 de December de 2005). «Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though». The Register. Archivado desde el original el 13 de August de 2022. Consultado el 25 de February de 2019. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response». 23 de March de 2006. Archivado desde el original el 25 de March de 2006. Consultado el 13 de July de 2010.
- ↑ «Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica». Nature. 30 de March de 2006. Archivado desde el original el 15 de May de 2017. Consultado el 25 de February de 2018.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia:General disclaimer». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Public Information Research, Wikipedia Watch
- ↑ Raphael, JR (26 de August de 2009). «The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders». PC World. Archivado desde el original el 1 de December de 2022. Consultado el 2 de September de 2009. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Cowen, Tyler (14 de March de 2008). «Cooked Books». The New Republic. Archivado desde el original el 18 de March de 2008. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Stuart, S.C. (3 de June de 2021). «Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?». PCMag (en English). Archivado desde el original el 16 de January de 2023. Consultado el 27 de June de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Mannix, Liam (13 de September de 2022). «Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?». The Sydney Morning Herald (en English). Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Schiff, Stacy (23 de July de 2006). «Know It All». The New Yorker. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Boyd, Danah (4 de January de 2005). «Academia and Wikipedia». Many 2 Many: A Group Weblog on Social Software. Corante. Archivado desde el original el 16 de March de 2006. Consultado el 18 de December de 2008. «[The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School.]». Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ McHenry, Robert (15 de November de 2004). «The Faith-Based Encyclopedia». Tech Central Station. Archivado desde el original el 7 de January de 2006.
- ↑ Shapiro, Ari (27 de April de 2018). «Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era». NPR. Archivado desde el original el 25 de June de 2018. Consultado el 1 de May de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry». Deutsche Welle. 30 de June de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 1 de July de 2014. Consultado el 2 de July de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Sanger, Larry. «Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)». Citizendium. Archivado desde el original el 3 de November de 2006. Consultado el 10 de October de 2006.
- ↑ 203,0 203,1 Elder, Jeff (16 de June de 2014). «Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing». The Wall Street Journal. Archivado desde el original el 24 de November de 2020. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Ahrens, Frank (9 de July de 2006). «Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles». The Washington Post. Consultado el 1 de November de 2006.
- ↑ Kane, Margaret (30 de January de 2006). «Politicians notice Wikipedia». CNET. Archivado desde el original el 30 de July de 2009. Consultado el 28 de January de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Bergstein, Brian (23 de January de 2007). «Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit». NBC News. Archivado desde el original el 19 de August de 2022. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Hafner, Katie (19 de August de 2007). «Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia». The New York Times. p. 1. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ 208,0 208,1 Colbert, Stephen (30 de July de 2006). «Wikiality». Consultado el 8 de October de 2015.
- ↑ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (en English) (10th edición). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0314264084 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ «Wide World of Wikipedia». The Emory Wheel. 21 de April de 2006. Archivado desde el original el 7 de November de 2007. Consultado el 17 de October de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jaschik, Scott (26 de January de 2007). «A Stand Against Wikipedia». Inside Higher Ed. Archivado desde el original el 8 de July de 2007. Consultado el 27 de January de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Helm, Burt (14 de December de 2005). «Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress'». Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archivado desde el original el 21 de April de 2012. Consultado el 29 de January de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Buis, Kyle (25 de February de 2007). «Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information». The Orion. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «Is Googling Research?». Research 2.0 (en en-US). University of British Columbia. 28 de June de 2014. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Child, Maxwell L. (26 de February de 2007). «Professors Split on Wiki Debate». The Harvard Crimson (Cambridge, MA). Archivado desde el original el 20 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived diciembre 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement, 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ 220,0 220,1 Beck, Julie (5 de March de 2014). «Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia». The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Archivado desde el original el 5 de December de 2022. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 221,0 221,1 Beck, Julie (7 de May de 2014). «Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?». The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Archivado desde el original el 28 de January de 2023. Consultado el 14 de June de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia: What Wikipedia is not – Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ «The battle for Wikipedia's soul». The Economist. 6 de March de 2008. ISSN 0013-0613. Archivado desde el original el 14 de December de 2022. Consultado el 7 de March de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Douglas, Ian (10 de November de 2007). «Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart». The Daily Telegraph (London). Archivado desde el original el 10 de January de 2022. Consultado el 23 de November de 2010. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia: What Wikipedia is not – Wikipedia is not censored». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 29 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (5 de February de 2008). «Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized». The New York Times (en en-US). ISSN 0362-4331. Archivado desde el original el 26 de November de 2022. Consultado el 30 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Taylor, Sophie (5 de April de 2008). «China allows access to English Wikipedia». Reuters. Consultado el 29 de July de 2008.
- ↑ Bruilliard, Karin (21 de May de 2010). «Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue». The Washington Post. Archivado desde el original el 27 de April de 2022. Consultado el 24 de October de 2011. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Moon, Mariella (12 de March de 2022). «Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus». Yahoo! (en en-US). Consultado el 30 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (19 de July de 2006). «What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?». Arab News. Archivado desde el original el 7 de August de 2011.
- ↑ Arthur, Charles (8 de December de 2008). «Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image». The Guardian (en English). Consultado el 30 de January de 2023.
- ↑ 232,0 232,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Petrusich, Amanda (20 de October de 2011). «Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection». The New York Times. Consultado el 28 de October de 2011.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Graham, Mark (12 de November de 2009). «Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content». Zerogeography. Archivado desde el original el 2 de October de 2016.
- ↑ Strohmaier, Markus (6 de March de 2017). «KAT50 Society, Culture». Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia (en English). GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. doi:10.7802/1411. Consultado el 31 de January de 2023. «Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).»
- ↑ «The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth». The Guardian. 7 de August de 2018. Archivado desde el original el 12 de November de 2016. Consultado el 31 de January de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ 239,0 239,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ 241,0 241,1 Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Maxton, Richard (9 de September de 2008). «Wikipedia attacked over porn pages». Macquarie Network. Archivado desde el original el 17 de September de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Sexual content». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Metz, Cade (7 de December de 2008). «Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover». The Register. Consultado el 10 de May de 2009.
- ↑ «Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation». The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 de April de 2010. Archivado desde el original el 2 de September de 2017. Consultado el 14 de May de 2017. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|df=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Farrell, Nick (29 de April de 2010). «Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI». The Inquirer. Archivado desde el original el 1 de May de 2010. Consultado el 9 de October de 2010. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 249,0 249,1 Metz, Cade (9 de April de 2010). «Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'». The Register. Consultado el 19 de April de 2010.
- ↑ «Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website». The Economic Times (India). 29 de April de 2010. Consultado el 29 de April de 2010.
- ↑ 251,0 251,1 Agence France-Presse (29 de April de 2010). «Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation». The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ «Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights». BBC News. 10 de May de 2010. Consultado el 19 de May de 2010.
- ↑ Gray, Lila (17 de September de 2013). «Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break». XBIZ.com. Archivado desde el original el 21 de October de 2013. Consultado el 10 de November de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol. Digital Formation 86. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1454191636. doi:10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9.
- ↑ «Privacy policy». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Kleinz, Torsten (2 de September de 2006). «Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]» [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (en Deutsch) (Heinz Heise). Archivado desde el original el 13 de September de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Volunteer Response Team». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software». Open Technology Real Services. OTRS.com. Archivado desde el original el 30 de October de 2013. Consultado el 9 de June de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|df=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks». BBC.
- ↑ Paling, Emma (21 de October de 2015). «Wikipedia's Hostility to Women». The Atlantic. Archivado desde el original el 29 de January de 2023. Consultado el 24 de October de 2015. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Murphy, Dan (1 de August de 2013). «In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny». The Christian Science Monitor. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Kueppers, Courtney (23 de March de 2020). «High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women». The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (en English). Consultado el 24 de October de 2020.
- ↑ «Draft:Donna Strickland». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 265,0 265,1 265,2 Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (2 de October de 2018). «Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough». Quartz (en English). Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018». The Nobel Prize (en en-US). 2 de October de 2018. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 267,0 267,1 Purtill, Corinne (3 de October de 2018). «Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media». Quartz (en English). Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikimedia Projects». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 30 de May de 2018. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ McGregor, Jena (17 de March de 2020). «Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time». The Washington Post. Consultado el 25 de February de 2021.
- ↑ «Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021». Wikimedia Foundation. 12 de October de 2022. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016.
- ↑ «Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990». Wikimedia Foundation. 17 de May de 2022. Consultado el 14 de October de 2014.
- ↑ «Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov». Wikimedia Foundation. 1 de May de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 3 de May de 2014. Consultado el 14 de June de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 274,0 274,1 Elder, Jeff (1 de May de 2014). «Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site». The Wall Street Journal. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 275,0 275,1 Cohen, Noam (1 de May de 2014). «Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2022. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Neotarf (13 de August de 2014). «Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia». The Signpost. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Lorente, Patricio (16 de March de 2016). «Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Salmon, Felix (4 de February de 2021). «Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia». Axios. Archivado desde el original el 4 de February de 2021. Consultado el 16 de April de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Lima, Cristiano (14 de September de 2021). «Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO». The Washington Post (en en-US). ISSN 0190-8286. Archivado desde el original el 14 de September de 2021. Consultado el 14 de September de 2021. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikimedia chapters». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 1 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 281,0 281,1 Bergsma, Mark. «Wikimedia Architecture». Wikimedia Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 3 de March de 2009. Consultado el 27 de June de 2008.
- ↑ «MediaWiki Features». WikiMatrix. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Project:Copyrights». MediaWiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «UseMod». UseModWiki. Archivado desde el original el 17 de October de 2000.
- ↑ «Version – Installed extensions». Wikipedia, The Free Encylcopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Snow, Michael (18 de April de 2005). «Internal search function returns to service». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Vibber, Brion. «[Wikitech-l] Lucene search». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 26 de February de 2009.
- ↑ «Extension:CirrusSearch». MediaWiki (en English). Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Protalinski, Emil (2 de July de 2013). «Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English». TNW. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Curtis, Sophie (23 de July de 2013). «Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors». The Daily Telegraph. Archivado desde el original el 10 de January de 2022. Consultado el 18 de August de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ L. M. (13 de December de 2011). «Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things». The Economist. Consultado el 28 de July de 2013.
- ↑ 292,0 292,1 Orlowski, Andrew (1 de August de 2013). «Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor». The Register. Consultado el 18 de August de 2013.
- ↑ Forrester, James (25 de April de 2013). «The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages». Diff (en en-US). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Bots». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 295,0 295,1 Nasaw, Daniel (24 de July de 2012). «Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia». BBC News. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (26 de July de 2012). «Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more». The Guardian. Consultado el 5 de September de 2012.
- ↑ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (13 de July de 2014). «For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work». The Wall Street Journal. Archivado desde el original el 27 de January de 2023. Consultado el 18 de August de 2014. (requiere registro). Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Aude (23 de March de 2009). «Abuse Filter is enabled». The Signpost (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia). Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address». Al Jazeera. 21 de July de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 16 de November de 2016. Consultado el 22 de July de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|df=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Bot policy». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution (en English). Hachette Books. pp. 99-106. ISBN 978-1401303716. OCLC 232977686. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 302,0 302,1 «Varnish». Wikitech. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Friedman, Vitaly (12 de January de 2021). «Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)». Smashing Magazine (en English). Consultado el 26 de April de 2022.
- ↑ «Debian». Wikitech (en English). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 9 de April de 2021.
- ↑ «Data centers». Wikitech. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Palmier, Guillaume (19 de January de 2013). «Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016.
- ↑ Verge, Jason (14 de January de 2013). «It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home». Data Center Knowledge. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016.
- ↑ «⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site». Wikimedia Phabricator. Consultado el 12 de May de 2019.
- ↑ «⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter». Wikimedia Phabricator. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (en English). Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. SSRN 1496716. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|orig-date=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 311,0 311,1 311,2 Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy (en English). MIT Press. pp. 89-153. ISBN 978-0262276238. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001.
- ↑ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). «Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019–June 30, 2020)». Wikimedia Foundation. 2020. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ McCarthy, Caroline (18 de July de 2008). «Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees». CNET (en English). Archivado desde el original el 1 de March de 2016. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Cohen, Noam (5 de March de 2007). «A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 13 de November de 2022. Consultado el 18 de October de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:WikiWorld». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:WikipediaWeekly». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Open tasks – News». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Newsletters». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikimedia Diff – News from across the Wikimedia movement». Wikimedia Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «This Month in Education». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ The British Newspaper Archive (18 de July de 2014). «Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light». British Newspaper Archive. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Hall, Sam (24 de June de 2020). «ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library». ICE Virtual Library (en English). Consultado el 26 de October de 2021.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Copyrights». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses». GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Vermeir, Walter (1 de December de 2007). «Resolution:License update». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de December de 2007.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Licensing update». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Wikimedia
- ↑ «Licensing update/Questions and Answers». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 15 de February de 2009.
- ↑ «Licensing_update/Timeline». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 5 de April de 2009.
- ↑ Walsh, Jay (21 de May de 2009). «Wikimedia community approves license migration». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 21 de May de 2009.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Non-free content». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Commons:Fair use». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Commons. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (19 de July de 2009). «Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 26 de November de 2022. Consultado el 9 de March de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case». Reuters. 2 de November de 2007. Consultado el 2 de November de 2007.
- ↑ Anderson, Nate (2 de May de 2008). «Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb"». Ars Technica. Consultado el 4 de May de 2008.
- ↑ «Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities». Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Archivado desde el original el 25 de February de 2009. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Definition of Answers.com». PCMag (en English). Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ 342,0 342,1 Seifi, Joe (27 de August de 2007). «Wapedia review». appSafari. Archivado desde el original el 23 de April de 2022. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Researching With Bing Reference». Archivado desde el original el 23 de October de 2010. Consultado el 9 de September de 2014.
- ↑ «Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM». Wikipedia On DVD. Archivado desde el original el 2 de June de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Polish Wikipedia on DVD». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2022. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:DVD». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (en Deutsch). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 2 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «¿Qué es la CDPedia?». Py Ar. Archivado desde el original el 2 de July de 2011. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «2008-09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online». WikiNews (Wikimedia Foundation). 22 de October de 2008. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia turned into book». The Daily Telegraph (London). 16 de June de 2009. Archivado desde el original el 1 de August de 2009. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia Selection for Schools». Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 4 de August de 2012. Consultado el 14 de July de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Thiel, Thomas (27 de September de 2010). «Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten». Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (en Deutsch). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archivado desde el original el 26 de November de 2010. Consultado el 6 de December de 2010. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikidata:Introduction». Wikidata. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikidata:Statistics». Wikidata. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Moeller, Erik (13 de October de 2009). «OpenMoko Launches WikiReader». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 19 de January de 2023.
- ↑ Wikipedia policies on data download
- ↑ «Data dumps/What's available for download». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (en English). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (16 de March de 2021). «Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up». Wired (en en-US). ISSN 1059-1028. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Stone, Brad (27 de June de 2014). «How Google's Android chief, Sundar Pichai, became the most powerful man in mobile». Bloomberg BusinessWeek (New York): 47-51. Archivado desde el original el 8 de November de 2020. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Finc, Tomasz (26 de January de 2012). «Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia». Google Play. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes». App Store (iOS/iPadOS). Apple Inc. 4 de August de 2014. Consultado el 21 de August de 2014.
- ↑ «Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched». Wikimedia Technical Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. 30 de June de 2009. Archivado desde el original el 11 de January de 2010. Consultado el 22 de July de 2009. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia». AndroGeoid. 15 de May de 2011. Archivado desde el original el 1 de June de 2011. Consultado el 15 de May de 2011. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Hollington, Jesse David (30 de November de 2008). «iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps». iLounge. Archivado desde el original el 12 de January de 2009. Consultado el 22 de July de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 367,0 367,1 «Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships». Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. 16 de February de 2018. Consultado el 12 de May de 2019.
- ↑ Ellis, Justin (17 de January de 2013). «Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding». Nieman Lab. Archivado desde el original el 30 de November de 2022. Consultado el 22 de April de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 369,0 369,1 369,2 Lih, Andrew (20 de June de 2015). «Can Wikipedia Survive?». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 17 de February de 2022. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 370,0 370,1 Brown, Andrew (25 de June de 2015). «Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile». The Guardian. Archivado desde el original el 28 de January de 2023. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (22 de May de 2015). «Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship». Forbes. Archivado desde el original el 3 de May de 2018. Consultado el 2 de May de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Henochowicz, Anne (20 de May de 2015). «Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall». China Digital Times. Archivado desde el original el 4 de May de 2017. Consultado el 4 de May de 2017. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Perez, Sarah (12 de June de 2015). «The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia». TechCrunch (en en-US). Archivado desde el original el 24 de August de 2020. Consultado el 3 de June de 2020. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Huang, Echo (2 de May de 2017). «China is making an official version of Wikipedia». Quartz (en English). Consultado el 8 de June de 2021.
- ↑ Constine, Josh (3 de April de 2018). «Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context». TechCrunch (en en-US). Consultado el 15 de July de 2021.
- ↑ «The top 500 sites on the web». Alexa. Archivado desde el original el 3 de February de 2021. Consultado el 13 de June de 2020. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth». 31 de July de 2018. Consultado el 22 de December de 2007.
- ↑ «694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks». comScore. 4 de May de 2006. Archivado desde el original el 30 de July de 2008. Consultado el 16 de December de 2007. «Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US».
- ↑ West, Stuart (2010). «Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010». Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (15 de December de 2007). «Wikipedia users». Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center. Archivado desde el original el 6 de March de 2008. Consultado el 15 de December de 2007. «36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students.»
- ↑ SAI (7 de October de 2011). «The World's Most Valuable Startups». Business Insider. Consultado el 14 de June de 2014.
- ↑ «Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. 6 de February de 2012. Archivado desde el original el 9 de December de 2013. Consultado el 16 de April de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Sachdev, Shaan (26 de February de 2021). «Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic». The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archivado desde el original el 28 de February de 2021. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ 384,0 384,1 Cohen, Noam (15 de March de 2020). «How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation». Wired (en en-US). ISSN 1059-1028. Archivado desde el original el 1 de May de 2020. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Benjakob, Omer (2 de September de 2020). «On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation». Wired UK (en British English). ISSN 1357-0978. Archivado desde el original el 16 de April de 2020. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Dodds, Laurence (3 de April de 2020). «Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'». The Daily Telegraph (en British English). ISSN 0307-1235. Archivado desde el original el 11 de April de 2020. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (22 de October de 2020). «Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation». The New York Times (en en-US). ISSN 0362-4331. Archivado desde el original el 27 de December de 2020. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (29 de November de 2021). «Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better». TechCrunch (en en-US). Archivado desde el original el 20 de May de 2022. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Wales, Jimmy (26 de August de 2021). «Learning to trust the internet again». Al Jazeera (en English). Archivado desde el original el 27 de August de 2021. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media». Wikipedia. 4 de July de 2018. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ «Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al.». Archivado desde el original el 3 de February de 2007. Consultado el 6 de February de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes». LEGISinfo. Parliament of Canada. Consultado el 3 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (The name "World Intellectual Property Office" should however read "World Intellectual Property Organization" in this source.)
- ↑ Cohen, Noam (29 de January de 2007). «Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively». The New York Times. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Aftergood, Steven (21 de March de 2007). «The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence». Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Consultado el 14 de April de 2007.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). «Wikipedia in the Newsroom». American Journalism Review. Archivado desde el original el 5 de August de 2012. Consultado el 11 de February de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Lexington (24 de September de 2011). «Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth». The Economist. Consultado el 27 de September de 2011. «Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund".»
- ↑ «Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article». Japan News Review. 5 de July de 2007. Archivado desde el original el 12 de March de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|df=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Richter, Bob (9 de January de 2007). «Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered». San Antonio Express-News. Archivado desde el original el 23 de January de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Bridgewater, Frank. «Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal». Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archivado desde el original el 28 de January de 2023. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Coscarelli, Joe (29 de July de 2014). «Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times». Intelligencer (en en-us). New York. Archivado desde el original el 18 de August de 2022. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Grossman, Lev (13 de December de 2006). «Time's Person of the Year: You». Time. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008.
- ↑ Vargas, Jose Antonio (17 de September de 2007). «On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet». The Washington Post. Archivado desde el original el 27 de January de 2023. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Ablan, Jennifer (22 de October de 2007). «Wikipedia page the latest status symbol». Reuters. Consultado el 24 de October de 2007.
- ↑ Grillini, Franco (30 de March de 2009). «Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright» [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (en italiano). Archivado desde el original el 30 de March de 2009. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030». One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100). Stanford University. September 2016. Archivado desde el original el 8 de December de 2022. Consultado el 3 de September de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citas en la línea 855: Unrecognized ID mode.
- ↑ «Trophy shelf». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Webby Awards 2004». The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archivado desde el original el 22 de July de 2011.
- ↑ Zumpano, Anthony (29 de January de 2007). «Similar Search Results: Google Wins». brandhome (Brandchannel). Archivado desde el original el 20 de February de 2007. Consultado el 28 de January de 2007. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Die Quadriga – Award 2008». Archivado desde el original el 15 de September de 2008. Consultado el 26 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum». Praemium Erasmianum Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 15 de January de 2015. Consultado el 15 de January de 2015.
- ↑ «Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015» [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias. Consultado el 17 de June de 2015.
- ↑ «Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano» [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España. 22 de October de 2015. Consultado el 20 de October de 2015.
- ↑ «Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence». The Onion. 26 de July de 2006. Consultado el 15 de October de 2006.
- ↑ «'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today». The Onion. 24 de November de 2010. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jesdanun, Anick (12 de April de 2007). «'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia». USA Today. Archivado desde el original el 28 de January de 2023. Consultado el 12 de December de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Adams, Scott (c). Topper. 2009-05-08, United Media.
- ↑ Wolf, Ian (4 de June de 2010). «Bigipedia given second series». British Comedy Guide (en English). Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen». British Comedy Guide. Archivado desde el original el 31 de July de 2009. Consultado el 31 de July de 2009. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Flake, Emily (23 de August de 2013). «Manning/Wikipedia cartoon». Conde Nast Collection. Archivado desde el original el 12 de October de 2014. Consultado el 26 de August de 2013. Parámetro desconocido
|df=ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement». Today (en English). 22 de August de 2013. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «The obstacles to reforming our prisons». The Times. 14 de December de 2015. Archivado desde el original el 13 de November de 2022. Consultado el 5 de June de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). «3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis». Wikis for dummies (en English) (1st edición). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-1118050668. OCLC 1300481129. OL 5741003W.
- ↑ «Talk:Science Hypertextbook project». Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Commons. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Eloquence. «User:Eloquence/History». Wikinews (Wikimedia Foundation). Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity». Wikiversity. Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Roth, Matthew (30 de March de 2012). «The Wikipedia data revolution». Diff (en en-US). Wikimedia Foundation. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Bosman, Julie (13 de March de 2012). «After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 3 de January de 2023. Consultado el 26 de January de 2015. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]». GizmoCrazed. 20 de March de 2012. Consultado el 14 de June de 2014.
- ↑ Caldwell, Christopher (14 de June de 2013). «A chapter in the Enlightenment closes». Financial Times. Archivado desde el original el 25 de December de 2022. Consultado el 15 de June de 2013. «Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia.» Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Carr, Nicholas (3 de October de 2005). «The amorality of Web 2.0». Rough Type. Archivado desde el original el 4 de August de 2022. Consultado el 15 de July de 2006. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds». Nature. Consultado el 10 de October de 2006.
- ↑ 443,0 443,1 Flood, Alison (7 de February de 2013). «Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?». The Guardian. Consultado el 14 de June de 2014.
- ↑ Mayo, Matthew (23 de November de 2017). «Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing». KDnuggets (en en-US). Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Lindemann, Luke (19 de February de 2021). «Wikipedia Corpus». lukelindemann.com. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ «Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries». MIT Technology Review. 7 de December de 2015. Archivado desde el original el 1 de February de 2016. Consultado el 27 de December de 2015. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (10 de December de 2015). «Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list». MarketWatch. Consultado el 27 de December de 2015.
- ↑ 451,0 451,1 Bothwell, Ellie (15 de December de 2015). «Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances». Times Higher Education. Consultado el 27 de December de 2015.
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Brookshire, Bethany (5 de February de 2018). «Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it». SciCurious. ScienceNews. Archivado desde el original el 10 de February de 2018. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Stone, Jon (3 de February de 2022). «Parts of Michael Gove's levelling-up plan 'copied from Wikipedia'». The Independent. Archivado desde el original el 13 de December de 2022. Consultado el 3 de February de 2022. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Heart Internet. «Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface». Archivado desde el original el 17 de May de 2014. Consultado el 9 de September de 2014. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Frauenfelder, Mark (21 de November de 2000). «The next generation of online encyclopedias». CNN. Archivado desde el original el 14 de August de 2004. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ «The Free Encyclopedia Project». GNU Operating System. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ Rubin, Harriet (31 de May de 1998). «The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy». Fast Company. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Encyclopedia of Life». National Museum of Natural History (en English). Smithsonian. Consultado el 4 de February de 2023.
- ↑ «Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia». Society of Applied Neuroscience. Archivado desde el original el 22 de February de 2012. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (18 de September de 2006). «Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?». The Register. Consultado el 27 de June de 2007. «Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.»
- ↑ Lyman, Jay (20 de September de 2006). «Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site». LinuxInsider. Consultado el 27 de June de 2007.
Further reading[editar | editar código]
Academic studies[editar | editar código]
- Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age. ISBN 978-1421415352.
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (A blog post by the author.)
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (2007). «Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia». Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07. pp. 259-268. ISBN 978-1595938459. S2CID 15350808. doi:10.1145/1316624.1316663. Parámetro desconocido
|citeseerx=ignorado (ayuda) - Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam). ISBN 978-9402813715. OCLC 1081174169. hdl:1765/113937. (Open access)
- Rosenzweig, Roy. Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past. (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Citation/CS1/Configuration en la línea 2083: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Books[editar | editar código]
- Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0385520805. Parámetro desconocido
|title-link=ignorado (ayuda) (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.)- Listen to:
- Keen, Andrew (16 de June de 2007). «Does the Internet Undermine Culture?». NPR.org (National Public Radio, US). The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
- Listen to:
- Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It. San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1593271763.
- Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0596515164. Parámetro desconocido
|title-link=ignorado (ayuda) (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) - Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0596521745. (requiere registro).
- Rafaeli, Sheizaf; Ariel, Yaron (2008). «Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia». En Barak, A., ed. Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–267. ISBN 978-0521694643.
- Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality. Siduri. ISBN 978-0956205209. (requiere registro).
- Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1401303716. Parámetro desconocido
|title-link=ignorado (ayuda) - O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice?. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754674337.
- Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (en Deutsch). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3839458624.
- Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262014472. Consultado el 25 de October de 2015.
- Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804789448. Parámetro desconocido
|title-link=ignorado (ayuda) - Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262538176. Consultado el 13 de October de 2020.
- Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108780704. doi:10.1017/9781108780704.
[editar | editar código]
- Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Wikipedia". The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by John Broughton, as listed previously.)
- Crovitz, L. Gordon. "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.)
- Postrel, Virginia, "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it", Pacific Standard, November/December 2014 issue.
Other media coverage[editar | editar código]
- Balke, Jeff (March 2008). «For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace». Houston Chronicle. Broken Record (blog). Archivado desde el original el 29 de December de 2008. Consultado el 17 de December de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - Borland, John (14 de August de 2007). «See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign». Wired. Archivado desde el original el 16 de November de 2015. Consultado el 23 de October de 2018. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - Dee, Jonathan (1 de July de 2007). «All the News That's Fit to Print Out». The New York Times Magazine. Consultado el 22 de February de 2008.
- Giles, Jim (20 de September de 2007). «Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust». New Scientist. Consultado el 14 de January de 2008.
- Miliard, Mike (2 de December de 2007). «Wikipedia Rules». The Phoenix. Consultado el 22 de February de 2008.
- Poe, Marshall (1 de September de 2006). «The Hive». The Atlantic Monthly. Consultado el 22 de March de 2008.
- Rosenwald, Michael S. (23 de October de 2009). «Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom». The Washington Post. Consultado el 22 de October de 2009.
- Runciman, David (28 de May de 2009). «Like Boiling a Frog». London Review of Books. Archivado desde el original el 27 de May de 2009. Consultado el 3 de June de 2009. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - Taylor, Chris (29 de May de 2005). «It's a Wiki, Wiki World». Time. Archivado desde el original el 2 de June de 2005. Consultado el 22 de February de 2008. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) - «Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist». The Economist. 5 de June de 2008. Consultado el 5 de June de 2008. «Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?»
- "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries", BBC News, October 21, 2013.
- "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived octubre 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review, October 22, 2013
- "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1Error en la secuencia de órdenes: la función «rep» no existe.Police Plaza" Archived marzo 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital
- Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard
- «Dark Side of Wikipedia». Archivado desde el original el 4 de August de 2016. Consultado el 17 de April de 2016. Parámetro desconocido
|url-status=ignorado (ayuda) Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson, April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) - Wales, Jimmy (9 de December de 2016). «How Wikipedia Works». cato.org. Cato Institute. «Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.»
- The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus, Ideas, with Paul Kennedy, CBC Radio One, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required).
- "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent, February 3, 2009.
- Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.
External links[editar | editar código]
- Error de Lua en Módulo:Official_website en la línea 90: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)
- Wikipedia at Curlie
- Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The GuardianError de Lua en Módulo:EditAtWikidata en la línea 37: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).Error de Lua en Módulo:WikidataCheck en la línea 29: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times
- Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia
- Wikipedia on TwitterError de Lua en Módulo:WikidataCheck en la línea 29: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
| Overview (outline) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community (Wikipedians) | |||||
| History |
| ||||
| Honors | |||||
| References and analysis | |||||
| Mobile access | |||||
| Content use | |||||
| Similar projects | |||||
| Related | |||||
Error de Lua en Módulo:Sister_project_links en la línea 469: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Error de Lua en Módulo:Authority_control en la línea 158: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Páginas con errores en secuencias de órdenes
- Páginas con argumentos formatnum no numéricos
- Páginas con errores de TemplateStyles
- Articles with hAudio microformats
- Pages including recorded pronunciations
- Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias con parámetros desconocidos
- Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias que requieren registro
- Pages containing links to subscription-only content
- Webarchive template wayback links
- Articles with short description
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates
- Use mdy dates from December 2022
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Use American English from June 2019
- All Wikipedia articles written in American English
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2023
- All articles containing potentially dated statements
- Articles containing explicitly cited Spanish-language text
- Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2019
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023
- Pages using external media with unknown parameters
- All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
- Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2023
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2008
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2020
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021
- Articles containing Latin-language text
- Webarchive template other archives
- Articles with Curlie links
- Guardian topic template using Wikidata
- Wikipedia
- 2001 establishments in the United States
- Advertising-free websites
- Articles containing video clips
- Creative Commons-licensed websites
- Free-content websites
- Internet properties established in 2001
- Jimmy Wales
- Multilingual websites
- Online encyclopedias
- Social information processing
- Wikimedia projects